Product design is a highly involved, often ill-defined, complex and iterative process, and the needs and specifications of the required artifact get more refined only as the design process moves toward its goal. An effective computer support tool that helps the designer make better-informed decisions requires efficient knowledge representation schemes. In today's world, there is a virtual explosion in the amount of raw data available to the designer, and knowledge representation is critical in order to sift through this data and make sense of it. In addition, the need to stay competitive has shrunk product development time through the use of simultaneous and collaborative design processes, which depend on effective transfer of knowledge between teams. Finally, the awareness that decisions made early in the design process have a higher impact in terms of energy, cost, and sustainability, has resulted in the need to project knowledge typically required in the later stages of design to the earlier stages. Research in design rationale systems, product families, systems engineering, and ontology engineering has sought to capture knowledge from earlier product design decisions, from the breakdown of product functions and associated physical features, and from customer requirements and feedback reports. VR (Virtual reality) systems and multidisciplinary modeling have enabled the simulation of scenarios in the manufacture, assembly, and use of the product. This has helped capture vital knowledge from these stages of the product life and use it in design validation and testing. While there have been considerable and significant developments in knowledge capture and representation in product design, it is useful to sometimes review our position in the area, study the evolution of research in product design, and from past and current trends, try and foresee future developments. The goal of this paper is thus to review both our understanding of the field and the support tools that exist for the purpose, and identify the trends and possible directions research can evolve in the future.

/pdf/the-evolution-challenges-and-future-of-knowledge-2l8tzvf3b5.pdf

The evolution, challenges, and future of knowledge representation in product design systems

In the past two decades, augmented reality (AR) has received a growing amount of attention by researchers in the manufacturing technology community, because AR can be applied to address a wide range of problems throughout the assembly phase in the lifecycle of a product, e.g., planning, design, ergonomics assessment, operation guidance and training. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, there has not been any comprehensive review of AR-based assembly systems. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the technical features, characteristics and broad range of applications of AR-based assembly systems published between 1990 and 2015. Among these selected articles, two thirds of them were published between 2005 and 2015, and they are considered as recent pertinent works which will be discussed in detail. In addition, the current limitation factors and future trends in the development will also be discussed.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-of-augmented-reality-assembly-4v9flaozri.pdf

A comprehensive survey of augmented reality assembly research

Virtual reality is a technology which is often regarded as a natural extension to 3D computer graphics with advanced input and output devices. This technology has only recently matured enough to warrant serious engineering applications. The integration of this new technology with software systems for engineering, design, and manufacturing will provide a new boost to the field of computer-aided engineering. One aspect of design and manufacturing which may be significantly affected by virtual reality is design for assembly. This paper presents a research effort aimed at creating a virtual assembly design environment.

Virtual assembly using virtual reality techniques

Assembly planning and evaluation is an important component of the product design process in which details about how parts of a new product will be put together are formalized. A well designed assembly process should take into account various factors such as optimum assembly time and sequence, tooling and fixture requirements, ergonomics, operator safety, and accessibility, among others. Existing computer-based tools to support virtual assembly either concentrate solely on representation of the geometry of parts and fixtures and evaluation of clearances and tolerances or use simulated human mannequins to approximate human interaction in the assembly process. Virtual reality technology has the potential to support integration of natural human motions into the computer aided assembly planning environment (Ritchie et al. in Proc I MECH E Part B J Eng 213(5):461–474, 1999). This would allow evaluations of an assembler’s ability to manipulate and assemble parts and result in reduced time and cost for product design. This paper provides a review of the research in virtual assembly and categorizes the different approaches. Finally, critical requirements and directions for future research are presented.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=me_pubs

Virtual reality for assembly methods prototyping: a review

Virtual Prototyping (VP) technique has been interpreted in many different ways, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among researchers and practitioners. Based on a review of the current related research and application, this paper proposes a definition of VP as well as components of a virtual prototype. VP is then compared with and distinguished from virtual reality (VR), virtual environment (VE), and virtual manufacturing (VM) techniques. Given the proposed definition and review of VP, future VP related research topics are suggested.

/pdf/definition-and-review-of-virtual-prototyping-3elapst5fi.pdf

Definition and Review of Virtual Prototyping

A virtual assembly design environment that simulates axial and planar constrained motion for multiple parts in any combination and application order. Dynamic simulation methods are used to simulate object behavior in the design environment using physical laws and collision detection algorithms. The physical properties, e.g., mass properties, of parts in an assembly are created in a separate CAD system. In one embodiment, physical property information is transferred from the CAD system to the virtual reality environment where it is used in dynamic simulations. The parts behave realistically in a user's hand, constrained on the base part, or moving freely in space. A swept volume can be generated directly in the CAD system. Real-time bi-directional data transfer between a VR environment and the CAD system is also provided. As a result, the user can perform parametric design modifications in the virtual environment by the use of a CAD system.

Virtual assembly design environment (VADE)

Virtual assembly is a promising application of virtual reality in design and manufacturing that has
drawn much attention from industry and research institutes. Physically based modeling has been an
important research topic in computer graphics and virtual reality. In this paper, physically based modeling
issues in virtual assembly are investigated. The specific requirements and characteristics of physically
based modeling in virtual assembly versus those in traditional computer graphics are analyzed and
studied. The mass properties of the assembly models are extracted from the Computer Aided Design
(CAD) system while the design models are transferred from the CAD system to the virtual assembly
environment. The assembly models are categorized using human strength survey data. The interaction
between the parts, the environment objects, and the human are analyzed. In the fully immersed virtual
environment, it is discovered that the gravity acceleration needs to be scaled down to achieve maximum
realistic feeling. Finally, the benefits and limitations of physically based modeling in virtual environments
are discussed.

/pdf/physically-based-modeling-in-virtual-assembly-2mrkvbl63k.pdf

Physically based modeling in virtual assembly

The invention provides a virtual assembly design environment (VAE) that can simulate axial and planar constrained motion for multiple parts in any combination and application order. Each sequence of assembly operations can be recorded and stored for later usage. A guidance mechanism may be employed by a user to assist in performing the assembly operations. Dynamic simulation methods may be used to simulate object behavior in the VAE using physical laws and collision detection algorithms. The physical properties of the parts can be created in a separate CAD system (including mass properties). In the invention, physical property information is transferred from the CAD system to a virtual reality environment where it is used in dynamic simulations. The parts behave realistically in the user's hand, constrained on the base part, or moving freely in space. A swept volume can be generated directly in the CAD system which is more accurate and compact than those created using numerical methods and can be easily processed by CAD systems. A swept volume trajectory editing mechanism has been implemented. Real time bi-directional data transfer between the VR environment and the CAD system has been achieved. The user can perform parametric design modifications in the virtual environment through a CAD system.

Method and system for a virtual assembly design environment

http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IDETC-CIE/proceedings-pdf/doi/10.1115/DETC2001/CIE-21259/6590609/295_1.pdf

Physically Based Modeling in Virtual Assembly

Representation of Swept Volumes in a Parametric CAD System Using Trajectory Information From Virtual Environments

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