Plant genomes interact when genetically distinct individuals join, or are joined, together. Individuals can fuse in three contexts: artificial grafts, natural grafts, and host–parasite interactions...

/pdf/living-with-two-genomes-grafting-and-its-implications-for-59b0h9atkm.pdf

Living with Two Genomes: Grafting and Its Implications for Plant Genome-to-Genome Interactions, Phenotypic Variation, and Evolution.

The chimeras between tuber mustard (Brassica juncea) and red cabbage (B. oleracea) were artificially synthesized in our previous study. Adventitious shoots were induced from nodal segments and leaf discs of TCC (LI-LII-LIII, LI -the outmost layer of shoot apical meristem; LII -the middle layer; LIII -the innermost layer. T = Tuber mustard, C = Red cabbage) chimeras. The origin of the shoots was analyzed by histology and molecular biology. As a result, the frequency of adventitious shoot induction rose with the increase of BA in MS medium in the area of the nodes. However, there was no different induction frequency of adventitious shoots from nodal segment bases in media with different BA concentrations. Most adventitious shoots (clustered shoots) arising from the node area were TTT (Tuber mustard- Tuber mustard- Tuber mustard) and only 4 shoots were chimeras, which indicated that more shoots originated from LI than from LII and LIII. All shoots from nodal segment bases were CCC (Red cabbage-Red cabbage- Red cabbage), indicating that the shoots originated from LII or LII and LIII. There were significant differences in the regeneration rate in the margin of the leaf discs among the three combinations of BA and NAA. Most adventitious shoots from the margin of leaf discs were CCC but 2 out of 70 were chimeras, which indicated that more shoots originated from LII or LII and LIII than from LI. All chimeras obtained by regeneration were different from the original explant donor in type in the present study. The origin of the adventitious shoots varied with the site of origin on the donor plant, and could be multicellular and multihistogenic.

Induction and origin of adventitious shoots from chimeras of Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea

Citrus is the second important fruit crop in China; the long history of citriculture and richness of germplasm has benefited genetics and breeding research in this country. Today, there are 1000 accessions or so that have been preserved ex situ in the National Citrus Germplasm Repository and 101 calli of citrus accessions in vitro are maintained in the laboratory of Huazhong Agriculture University. Selections of seedless and early- or late-ripening varieties are two important breeding goals at present in China. Using bud sport and seedling selection, at least 40 strains of seedless or with less seeds and early- or late-ripening were obtained in the past 20 years. Furthermore, China made some progress in germplasm innovation by biotechnology. Until now, about 40 interspecific and intergeneric somatic hybrid combinations were obtained; 244 triploids and 10 tetraploids gained by cross hybridization, and 1000 plantlets gained from culture of seeds and aborted ovules beneath the chimeric part of fruit with elite traits were preserved in the greenhouse or field, which highlights hope for elite cultivar selection in the future.

Citrus Breeding and Genetics in China

Chloroplast simple sequence repeat (cpSSR) markers in Citrus were developed and successfully used to analyze chloroplast genome inheritance of Citrus somatic hybrids. Twenty-two previously reported cpSSR primer pairs from pine (Pinus thunbergii Part), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were tested in Citrus, nine of which could amplify intensive PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis. Chloroplast genome inheritance of Citrus somatic hybrids from nine fusions was then analyzed, and five of the nine pre-screened primer pairs showed polymorphisms by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results revealed the random inheritance nature of chloroplast genome in all analyzed Citrus somatic hybrids, which was in agreement with previous reports based on RFLP or CAPS analyses. It was also shown that cpSSR is a more efficient tool in chloroplast genome analyses of somatic hybrids in higher plants, compared with the conventional RFLP or CAPS analyses.

cpSSR: a New Tool to Analyze Chloroplast Genome of Citrus Somatic Hybrids

Adventitious roots were induced from shoots and leaves of the chimera plant TCC (LI-LII-LIII = TCC; T = Tuber mustard, C = Red Cabbage), previously developed by in vitro grafting of tuber mustard (Brassica juncea) and red cabbage (B. oleracea). The regeneration frequency of adventitious roots from TCC shoots and leaf sections was markedly higher than that obtained from the parents TTT (tuber mustard) and CCC (red cabbage). Moreover, levels of α-naphthaleneacetic acid in the culture medium had lower effects on rooting efficiency of TCC chimeras compared to those of TTT and CCC. The number and fresh weight of adventitious roots per TCC shoot, 13.11 roots and 0.274 g, respectively, were also significantly higher than those of the parents. This demonstrated that replacing the histogenic LI layer (the outermost apical cell layer) with a different genotype might improve adventitious root induction capability of these vegetative tissues due to likely synergistic effects between LI and the other two histogenic layers, LII and LIII. Following polymerase chain reaction analysis and histological investigation, it was found that these adventitious roots originated from the LIII histogenic layer.

Induction and origin of adventitious roots from chimeras of Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea

Zaohong' navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck + C. unshiu Marc.), a new strain of citrus from a graft chimera, was discovered in China. It was diploid and arose at the junction where a 'Robertson' navel orange scion was top-worked onto a Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu). Some characteristics determined by the L1 cell layer, such as juice sacs of fruit and stoma length, were similar to those of Satsuma mandarin, while others, including leaf index, fruit shape, navel, and color and aroma of the rind, were determined by the L2 cell layer, were similar to 'Robertson' navel orange. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the carotenoid extracts of the flesh of 'Zaohong' navel orange indicated that it had the carotenoids profile of Satsuma mandarin with b-cryptoxanthin as the predominant component in the juice sacs in mature fruit. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) and chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSR) analysis showed that both nuclear and chloroplast genomes of 'Zaohong' navel orange were composed of both donor plants. On the basis of these facts, 'Zaohong' navel orange was found to be a periclinal chimera consisting of L1 derived from Satsuma mandarin and L2/L3 from 'Robertson' navel orange. It combined the valuable traits of both donor plants, matured '1 month earlier than the present navel orange cultivars, and therefore had good potential in citrus fresh market.

/pdf/characterization-of-a-new-natural-periclinal-navel-satsuma-30yjr3ntsz.pdf

Characterization of a New Natural Periclinal Navel-Satsuma Chimera of Citrus: 'Zaohong' Navel Orange

The synthesis of chimeras is a breeding approach for horticultural crops. In our breeding program, a new diploid citrus chimera, named ‘Hongrou Taoye’ (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck + Citrus unshiu Marc.), was found arising at the junction where a ‘Taoye’ sweet orange (C. sinensis) scion was grafted onto Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu). As an artificial chimera, its fruit traits derived from the L1 cell layer, with juice color and carotenoid complement, in which β-cryptoxanthin accumulated predominantly, similar to those of Satsuma mandarin. By contrast, traits originating from the L2/L3 cell layer, including pollen, seed, and rind aroma characteristics, were the same as those of ‘Taoye’ sweet orange (the scion). SSR and cpSSR analyses showed that both nuclear and chloroplast genomes of the chimera were a combination of both donor parents. ‘Hongrou Taoye’ thus combined the valuable traits of both donor plants, and therefore has good potential in citrus fresh market.

/pdf/characteristics-of-hongrou-taoye-a-grafted-chimera-in-sweet-2sxmwzxwft.pdf

Characteristics of 'Hongrou Taoye', a Grafted Chimera in Sweet Orange and Satsuma Mandarin

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Characterization of a New Natural Periclinal Navel-Satsuma Chimera of Citrus: 'Zaohong' Navel Orange

Characteristics of 'Hongrou Taoye', a Grafted Chimera in Sweet Orange and Satsuma Mandarin