Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient after carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for photosynthetic process, phyto-hormonal, proteomic changes and growth-development of plants to complete its lifecycle. Excessive and inefficient use of N fertilizer results in enhanced crop production costs and atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric nitrogen (71%) in the molecular form is not available for the plants. For world’s sustainable food production and atmospheric benefits, there is an urgent need to up-grade nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural farming system. The nitrogen use efficiency is the product of nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, it varies from 30.2 to 53.2%. Nitrogen losses are too high, due to excess amount, low plant population, poor application methods etc., which can go up to 70% of total available nitrogen. These losses can be minimized up to 15–30% by adopting improved agronomic approaches such as optimal dosage of nitrogen, application of N by using canopy sensors, maintaining plant population, drip fertigation and legume based intercropping. A few transgenic studies have shown improvement in nitrogen uptake and even increase in biomass. Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase and asparagine synthetase enzyme have a great role in nitrogen metabolism. However, further studies on carbon–nitrogen metabolism and molecular changes at omic levels are required by using “whole genome sequencing technology” to improve nitrogen use efficiency. This review focus on nitrogen use efficiency that is the major concern of modern days to save economic resources without sacrificing farm yield as well as safety of global environment, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, ammonium volatilization and nitrate leaching.

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Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency.

Hybrid analytical framework for regional agricultural water resource utilization and efficiency evaluation

Assessment of droughts and wheat yield loss on the North China Plain with an aggregate drought index (ADI) approach

Water productivity and seed cotton yield in response to deficit irrigation: A global meta-analysis

Precision irrigation, defined as an efficient water allocation technique characterized by the optimal management and best collaboration of various factors of the irrigation process, attracts considerable attention in agricultural production and crop cultivation. This paper reviews the latest research developments in water allocation mechanism and integrative management effectiveness of precision irrigation, and highlights how irrigation water allocation and integrative management contribute to the high-efficiency performance of precision irrigation techniques; the irrigation models, irrigation infrastructure, and management strategies currently being used are emphasized. Thereafter, the future development prospects in water allocation and integrative management could be systematically analyzed and subsequently explored. Some frontier techniques such as data-oriented irrigation management, performance-proven water allocation, and cloud-based irrigation control are among the critical technologies capable of building a sustainable, integrative, and evolutionary irrigation system while providing the higher quality and efficiency needed for a full application of precision irrigation. This review could be used as an effective reference to study the complicated correlations between precision irrigation and its constructive influences in different environmental conditions, and to facilitate the practical promotion of irrigation productivity with higher accuracy and increased reliability of returns.

Water Allocation and Integrative Management of Precision Irrigation: A Systematic Review

In order to understand the main and interactive effects of water and nitrogen on crop growth and development, yield, fiber quality, and water-nitrogen use efficiency of mechanically harvested cotton with drip irrigation under plastic film in arid area of western Inner Mongolia, a two-factorial experiment with irrigation water amount and nitrogen dosage in completely randomized block design was conducted in Alxa Left Banner of Alxa League in Inner Mongolia. The levels of water irrigation were 216 mm (W1), 288 mm (W2) and 360 mm (W3), and the nitrogen dosages were 127.5 kg·hm-2(N1), 195 kg·hm-2(N2) and 262.5 kg·hm-2(N3). The results showed that water was the decisive factor for cotton growth, and plant height and dry matter accumulation increased rapidly with increasing the water irrigation level, but the ratio of reproductive organs to shoot biomass decreased. Compared with the treatments W1 and W2, the average boll number per plant in W3 was increased by 25.4% and 17.5%, the seed cotton yield was improved by 18.1% and 11.9%, but the single boll mass was decreased by 5.8% and 4.6%, respectively. It indicated that an increase in boll number per plant was the determining factor in achieving high seed cotton yield. Moreover, there was also a significant interactive effect between water and nitrogen affecting the seed cotton yield. Under the condition with low-level irrigation (W1 and W2), the highest seed cotton yield was measured in N1; while for the condition in W3, the seed cotton yield in N2 was greater than that in N1 and N3 by 8.5% and 31.9%, respectively. In general, the regulation of water and nitrogen had no significant effect on fiber quality. Water use efficiencyin W1N1 was 1.37 kg·m-3, which was not significantly different with the value in W3N2, and the nitrogen partial factor productivityin W3N1 was the maximum (51.35 kg·kg-1). Therefore, irrigation had a significant effect on yield increasing, but nitrogen application promoted the seed cotton yield only under well-watered conditions. The treatment with irrigation amount of 360 mm and nitrogen fertilizer of 195 kg·hm-2 could promote the shoot biomass accumulation significantly and achieve the highest seed cotton yield, and its water use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity were 1.37 kg·m-3 and 36.41 kg·kg-1, respectively, indicating the potential of water-saving and yield increasing. Therefore, it was recommended as a suitable water and nitrogen management for the mechanically harvested cotton in arid area of western Inner Mongolia.

[Coupling effect of water and nitrogen on mechanically harvested cotton with drip irrigation under plastic film in arid area of western Inner Mongolia, China.]

It is very significant for muskmelon growth and production to maintain optimal conditions of soil moisture and temperature, especially during blossom and fruit-bearing periods. The object of this study was to analyze the effects of different soil water thresholds (T1: 55% of the field capacity, T2: 65% of the field capacity, T3: 75% of the field capacity, CK: 85% of the field capacity) on soil temperature under mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse. Moreover, effects of the ratio of soil moisture to heat in the plough layer (0-20 cm) on muskmelon growth and fruit setting were investigated. Results indicated that during the flowering and fruit bearing periods, the order of mean soil temperature in the plough layer for the different treatments was T1 > T2 > T3 > CK. There was an inverse correlation between soil temperature in the plough layer and moisture. The maximum one-day variations for soil temperature on sunny day, rainy day and after irrigation were observed in the soil surface under the plastic film mulch, while the minimum happened in the soil layer of 20 cm outside the mulch. The soil temperature extreme was closely related with soil depth, and the difference in the extreme soil temperature between the soil surface and the soil layers of 10 and 20 cm was significant. The treatment T3, with the fastest plant growth rate, the minimum duration of fruit bearing and the maximum fruit setting rate, could be selected as the optimal treatment, and the ratio of soil moisture to heat in T3 was 1.62 mm · °C(-1). Therefore, taking into consideration the relationship between soil moisture and temperature during flowering and fruit bearing periods of muskmelon under mulching-drip irrigation, the ratio of soil water to heat in the plough layer should be kept at 1.62 mm · C(-1). The result would be very meaningful for drip-irrigated muskmelon production and management in greenhouse in North China.

[Effects of irrigation threshold on soil temperature in blossom and fruit-set periods of muskmelon under mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse].

: Objective: this study aim to explore main active components and possible molecular mechanism of "Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus" (JYH-LQ) herbal pair in treating acne vulgaris disease by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Method: The active components and related targets of “Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus” herbal pair were obtained from TCMSP Database platform, correcting the official gene symbol names of the targets of the herbal pair from UniProt database. The GeenCards, OMIM and DisGeNET databases were used to find the targets related to acne vulgaris disease. Taking the intersection targets of active components and disease and inputting them into the String database for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network prediction. Then using Cytoscape sofeware to render "effective active components - intersection targets" network prediction. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for the intersection targets of “Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus “herbal pair- acne vulgaris disease were performed with DAVID database. Molecular docking between the active components and the key targets was carried out by Autodock. Result: The effective active components of lonicerae japonicae flos-forsythiae fructus herbal Pair in traeting acne vulgaris are quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol. the core targets including TNF, IL-6, TP53. The GO enrichment analysis indicated that the main functions JYH-LQ herbal

/pdf/exploration-on-molecular-mechanism-of-lonicerae-japonicae-2w6nl5bq.pdf

Exploration on Molecular Mechanism of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus Herbal Pair in Traeting Acne Vulgaris Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology

Transplanted short-season cotton followed by winter wheat is widely cultivated in the North China Plain (NCP). However, data and guidelines on irrigation water management for the short-season cotton cultivation are lacking. In order to determine optimal irrigation practices for transplanted cotton in the NCP, a field experiment with surface drip and border irrigation was conducted in 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons. Four irrigation treatments, namely full drip (DT), full border (BT), deficit drip (DDT) and deficit border (DBT) irrigation treatments, were evaluated on the basis of vegetative growth, evapotranspiration (ET), cotton yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and fiber quality. Results showed that the average seasonal ET ranged from 358 to 449 mm. Compared to the border irrigation, the drip irrigation improved vegetative growth, and the deficit irrigation inhibited vegetative growth compared with the full irrigation. DT produced the highest seed cotton yield of 3164 kg ha−1, while the minimum seed cotton yield of 2459 kg ha−1 was produced in the DBT. On average, DDT produced the largest WUE of 0.83 kg m−3, while the smallest in BT. On average, 33.4 % of the irrigation water was saved by DT compared to BT, and drip irrigation increased seed cotton yield by 11.5 %. In addition, drip irrigation tended to increase the fiber length and optimize the micronaire value. Deficit irrigation significantly decreased the fiber strength and reduced the fiber length. Overall, the DT is recommended as the optimal irrigation strategy for the short-season cotton in the NCP.

Responses of yield, water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management: interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation

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[Coupling effect of water and nitrogen on mechanically harvested cotton with drip irrigation under plastic film in arid area of western Inner Mongolia, China.]

[Effects of irrigation threshold on soil temperature in blossom and fruit-set periods of muskmelon under mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse].

Exploration on Molecular Mechanism of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus Herbal Pair in Traeting Acne Vulgaris Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology

Responses of yield, water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management: interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation