The cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., is the second most consumed vegetable crop after potato and unquestionably the most popular garden crop in the world. There are more varieties of tomato sold worldwide than any other vegetable crop. Most of the commercial cultivars of tomato have been developed through phenotypic selection and traditional breeding. However, with the advent of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection (MAS) technology, tomato genetics and breeding research has entered into a new and exciting era. Molecular markers have been used extensively for genetic mapping as well as identification and characterization of genes and QTLs for many agriculturally important traits in tomato, including disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and flower- and fruit-related characteristics. The technology also has been utilized for marker-assisted breeding for several economically important traits, in particular disease resistance. However, the extent to which MAS has been ...

Marker-Assisted Selection in Tomato Breeding

An ozone-generative electrostatic spore precipitator was developed to protect nursery-stage seedlings of tomato from both airborne conidia of powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) and root-infecting pathogen propagules of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici). The device was a cylindrical electrostatic spore precipitator (S2 cylinder) in which a positively charged straight conductor wire insulated with a transparent acrylic cylinder originated from a spore-precipitation cylinder (S1 cylinder) designed to physically control airborne conidia of tomato powdery mildew in greenhouses. The S2 cylinder consisted of two sites for conidial attraction and ozone production. The site for ozone production was located at the end of the cylinder, where an earthed copper conductor ring (as a cathode) was attached to the edge of the cylinder, responding to the anodal tip of a positively charged central conductor wire. Distinct types of discharge (corona, corona-streamer, streamer and arc discharge) occurred between the two electrodes and were dependant on the voltages applied to the wire and the distances between the electrodes. The highest ozone production was observed through streamer discharge. The remaining portion of the S2 cylinder, which was dielectrically polarized by a positively charged wire, created a non-uniform electric field outside the cylinder to attract conidia that came into the generated field. Hydroponic culture troughs to raise tomato seedlings in a nursery greenhouse were paralleled with S2 cylinders. The aim was to control rhizosphere pathogens R. solanacearum and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and to prevent them entering the hydroponic system during cultivation, while at the same time trapping O. neolycopersici conidia in the spaces between the cylinders. The results indicated that susceptible tomato plants in culture troughs attached to the S2 cylinders remained uninfected by both rhizosphere and aerial pathogens throughout the experimental period (2 and 3 weeks, respectively). This suggests that the present system will enable the dual control of both these pathogens in hydroponic systems in greenhouses.

/pdf/dual-protection-of-hydroponic-tomatoes-from-rhizosphere-57w4byqnev.pdf

Dual protection of hydroponic tomatoes from rhizosphere pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐lycopersici and airborne conidia of Oidium neolycopersici with an ozone‐generative electrostatic spore precipitator

Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated tomatoes worldwide. Although the first epidemics were recorded more than 25 years ago many aspects of this host-pathogen interaction are still not well understood. Detailed morphological and molecular studies of the anamorphs confirmed that O. neolycopersici is phylogeneticaly close to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi. Host range is rather broad, apart from Solanaceae hosts were found in the families Apocynaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedialiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae a Violaceae. Non-host resistance within these families is not based on inhibition of formation of primary haustorium, however, on post-haustorial hypersensitive reponse and another type of non-hypersensitive resistance. Screening of wild Solanum species (previous Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm revealed valuable sources of resistance (S. habrochaites, S. pennellii, S. cheesmaniae, S. chilense, S. peruvianum). The main resistance mechanism was found to be a hypersensitive response (HR), in some cases followed by limited development of the pathogen. However, there is a broad variation in resistance response on the histological and cytological level. Interaction between many wild Solanum spp. and O. neolycopersici is race-specific, at least three races were differentiated. In some interspecific crosses (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites) adult plant resistance was observed. Biochemical studies focusing on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxidase activity during infection of O. neolycopersici showed that production of ROS and activity of corresponding enzymes is related to activation of defence responses in genotypes of wild Solanum sect. Lycopersicon. The significance of nitric oxide (NO) in O. neolycopersici pathogenesis was supported by experiments with NO donors and scavengers. In moderately resistant genotype S. chmielewskii, treatment by heat stress caused slight deceleration of pathogen development, increased production of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and increased peroxidase activity in infected plants. The different degree of tomato resistance/susceptibility did not markedly change the rate and extent of photosynthetic response to O. neolycopersici; only minimal impairment of photosynthesis was found in both susceptible and moderately resistant genotypes during the first 9 days after inoculation. The accumulated evidence confirm a crucial role of localised increased production of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to pathogen penetration into plant tissue and its involvement in the plant resistance responses including the initiation and progression of plant cell death in host wild Solanum species. Crucial points of further research are discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10658-013-0307-3.pdf

Resistance mechanisms of wild tomato germplasm to infection of Oidium neolycopersici

Jankovics, T., Bai, Y., Kovacs, G. M., Bardin, M., Nicot, P. C., Toyoda, H., Matsuda, Y., Niks, R. E., and Kiss, L. 2008. Oidium neolycopersici: Intraspecific variability inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and relationship with closely related powdery mildew fungi infecting various plant species. Phytopathology 98:529-540. Previous works indicated a considerable variation in the pathogenicity, virulence, and host range of Oidium neolycopersici isolates causing tomato powdery mildew epidemics in many parts of the world. In this study, rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) patterns were analyzed in 17 O. neolycopersici samples collected in Europe, North America, and Japan, including those which overcame some of the tomato major resistance genes. The ITS sequences were identical in all 10 samples tested and were also identical to ITS sequences of eight previously studied O. neolycopersici specimens. The AFLP analysis revealed a high genetic diversity in O. neolycopersici and indicated that all 17 samples represented different genotypes. This might suggest the existence of either a yet unrevealed sexual reproduction or other genetic mechanisms that maintain a high genetic variability in O. neolycopersici. No clear correlation was found between the virulence and the AFLP patterns of the O. neolycopersici isolates studied. The relationship between O. neolycopersici and powdery mildew anamorphs infecting Aquilegia vulgaris, Chelidonium majus, Passiflora caerulea, and Sedum alboroseum was also investigated. These anamorphs are morphologically indistinguishable from and phylogenetically closely related to O. neolycopersici. The crossinoculation tests and the analyses of ITS sequences and AFLP patterns jointly indicated that the powdery mildew anamorphs collected from the above mentioned plant species all represent distinct, but closely related species according to the phylogenetic species recognition. All these species were pathogenic only to their original host plant species, except O. neolycopersici which infected S. alboroseum, tobacco, petunia, and Arabidopsis thaliana, in addition to tomato, in cross-inoculation tests. This is the first genome-wide study that investigates the relationships among powdery mildews that are closely related based on ITS sequences and morphology. The results indicate that morphologically indistinguishable powdery mildews that differed in only one to five single nucleotide positions in their ITS region are to be considered as different taxa with distinct host ranges.

/pdf/oidium-neolycopersici-intraspecific-variability-inferred-n33p90f67y.pdf

Oidium neolycopersici: intraspecific variability inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and relationship with closely related powdery mildew fungi infecting various plant species.

In an attempt to control pathogens and insect pests affecting greenhouse tomatoes, we evaluated an electric field screen to create an airy greenhouse condition that successfully excluded insect vectors (whiteflies, green peach aphids, western flower thrips and shore flies) of pathogens and airborne conidia of tomato powdery mildew. The screen consisted of three parts: 1) insulated conductor wires (ICWs) arrayed in parallel at 5-mm intervals, 2) two stainless-steel nets that were grounded and placed on both sides of the ICWs, and 3) a direct current (DC) voltage generator to negatively charge the ICWs. An electric field formed between the negative surface charge of the ICWs and the positive charge on the ICW-side surface of the grounded net. The ICWs captured insects and airborne conidia that entered the field. Insects that contacted the outer surface of the screen net avoided the electric field and flew away from the screen. During continuous 3-month greenhouse operation, the screen was durable and functional in exerting stable pest exclusion and good air penetration for ventilation under changing greenhouse climate conditions. In three experiments examining the occurrence of powdery mildew in

/pdf/practical-application-of-an-electric-field-screen-to-an-r4zfuvdrq6.pdf

Practical Application of an Electric Field Screen to an Exclusion of Flying Insect Pests and Airborne Fungal Conidia from Greenhouses with a Good Air Penetration

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/55/3/55_3_355/_pdf

Screening of wild Lycopersicon species for resistance to Japanese isolate of tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici

Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) thin films deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) were studied for use as optical coatings. The deposition was performed in a commercially available Picosun R-200 Advanced ALD reactor. Characterization of these films was performed using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and spectrophotometer for thin films deposited on silicon substrates and quartz lens. ALD deposited films showed high R+T at wavelength down to 350 nm, low oxygen and carbon concentration in the films.

Atomic layer deposition of magnesium fluoride for optical application

RF sputtering deposition of thin-film lithium niobate for photonic integrated circuit applications

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Screening of wild Lycopersicon species for resistance to Japanese isolate of tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici

Atomic layer deposition of magnesium fluoride for optical application

RF sputtering deposition of thin-film lithium niobate for photonic integrated circuit applications