A text reading algorithm for natural images

The opinions and experiences of other people constitute an important source of information in our everyday life. For example, we ask our friends which dentist, restaurant, or smartphone they would recommend to us. Nowadays, online customer reviews have become an invaluable resource to answer such questions. Besides helping consumers to make more informed purchase decisions, online reviews are also of great value to vendors, as they represent unsolicited and genuine customer feedback that is conveniently available at virtually no costs. However, for popular products there often exist several thousands of reviews so that manual analysis is not an option. In this thesis, we provide a comprehensive study of how to model and automatically analyze the opinion-rich information contained in customer reviews. In particular, we consider the task of aspectoriented sentiment analysis. Given a collection of review texts, the task’s goal is to detect the individual product aspects reviewers have commented on and to decide whether the comments are rather positive or negative. Developing text analysis systems often involves the tedious and costly work of creating appropriate resources — for instance, labeling training corpora for machine learning methods or constructing special-purpose knowledge bases. As an overarching topic of the thesis, we examine the utility of distant supervision techniques to reduce the amount of required human supervision. We focus on the two main subtasks of aspect-oriented review mining: (i) identifying relevant product aspects and (ii) determining and classifying expressions of sentiment. We consider both subtasks at two different levels of granularity, namely expression vs. sentence level. For these different levels of analysis, we experiment with dictionary-based and supervised approaches and examine several distant supervision techniques. For aspect detection at the expression level, we cast the task as a terminology extraction problem. At the sentence level, we cast the task as a multi-label text categorization problem and exploit section headings in review texts for a distant supervision approach. With regard to sentiment analysis, we present detailed studies of sentiment lexicon acquisition and sentiment polarity classification and show how pros and cons summaries of reviews can be exploited to reduce the manual effort in this context. We evaluate our approaches in detail, including insightful mistake analyses. For each of the tasks, we find significant improvements in comparison to relevant state-of-the-art methods. In general, we can show that the presented distant supervision methods successfully reduce the required amount of human supervision. Our approaches allow to gather very large amounts of labeled data — typically some orders of magnitude more data than possible with traditional annotation. We conclude that customer review mining systems can benefit from the proposed methods. keywords: sentiment analysis, customer review mining, opinion mining, aspect-oriented review mining, distant supervision, weakly labeled data, indirect crowdsourcing

/pdf/aspect-oriented-sentiment-analysis-of-customer-reviews-using-2e9pn6tql3.pdf

Aspect-Oriented Sentiment Analysis of Customer Reviews Using Distant Supervision Techniques

Phrases in EAP academic writing pedagogy: Illuminating Halliday’s influence on research and practice

The so-called invariant tags, such as eh, okay, right and yeah, are extremely frequent in general English speech and have been studied extensively in recent years, especially in the spoken expression of teenagers, where they are a very common feature.In this article I focus on innit, as in She love her chocolate innit? and It was good innit? For this purpose, I analyse and discuss data extracted from two comparable corpora of teen speech: the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT), compiled in 1993, and the Linguistic Innovators Corpus (LI), created in 2004. The analysis considers the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of the expression, and asks three fundamental questions: has innit remained stable in use over time or has it increased in frequency? Has innit preserved its original grammatical features, or has it undergone notable changes? To what extent is innit especially associated with teentalk, at least in London speech, rather than with the speech of adults? Contrasts are also drawn with the standard tag isn't it.Findings confirm that innit is typical of the language of London teenagers and has not gone out of use; on the contrary, its frequency has increased over the last few years. In contrast, the proportion of tokens found in the language of their adult counterparts is rather marginal. At present, innit conserves syntactic features of its own: it does not follow the regular question tag formation rules and can represent not only the verb be but also do, have and most of the modal verbs. Furthermore, it continues to show a high degree of flexibility in the sentence, occurring not only in final but also in initial and medial positions. Finally, it appears that innit should no longer be regarded as a simple invariant tag. It tends to behave more and more like a pragmatic marker serving to express the speaker's attitude to the content of the message, thus often reflecting the relationship between the participants in the interaction, and also contributing to the organisation of the discourse. In this respect, two new discourse functions of innit are identified and described: emphatic and text organiser.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1360674314000288

Variation, development and pragmatic uses of innit in the language of British adults and teenagers1

It has long been claimed (e.g. Sweet 1892, Bolinger 1972, Ladd 1984) that informativity has an influence on the leftward or rightward stress assigned to noun-noun combinations in English, but the few available empirical studies of this hypothesis have produced conflicting results (Plag & Kunter 2010, Bell 2013, Bell & Plag 2012). In this paper, using the same measures as Bell & Plag (2012) but with a different set of data, we provide further evidence that more informative constituents in the right-hand position tend to be stressed. This result fits with the general propensity of speakers to accentuate important information (e.g. Bolinger 1972). The results also raise the question of the relationship between informativity and constituent identity, which is the strongest known predictor of compound stress pattern (e.g. Plag 2010, Arndt-Lappe 2011). An exploration of this problem shows that the two factors are interrelated; we argue that this relationship is best conceptualized as resulting from an underlyin...

/pdf/informativity-and-analogy-in-english-compound-stress-2vttk5bdo5.pdf

Informativity and analogy in English compound stress

British National Corpus

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