The critical food safety assessment is one of the essences of the modern food industry. The major factors contributing to this assessment include the increased public awareness of safe food and the surge in quantity and variety of food pollutants because of globalization, industrialization, and population growth. With molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) recognition units, electrochemical sensors have opted for food analysis in recent decades. MIP-based electrochemical sensors are versatile as they can be devised for different food contaminants. They offer simplicity in terms of sensor preparation and measurement and cost-efficiency. These sensors' affinity to target analytes is often high. In effect, the number of publications reporting MIP electrochemical chemosensors for food safety and quality monitoring applications has significantly increased. Therefore, the present review highlights the recent developments in fabricating MIP recognition-units-based electrochemical sensors and their applications in determining contaminants in various food and drink matrices. 

/pdf/molecularly-imprinted-polymer-based-electrochemical-sensors-294s11k1.pdf

Molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants determination

Application of molecularly imprinted polymers for electrochemical detection of some important biomedical markers and pathogens

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.

/pdf/citrinin-mycotoxin-contamination-in-food-and-feed-impact-on-2y1pq65q.pdf

Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies

Inspired by the recognition mechanism of biological molecules, molecular imprinting techniques (MITs) are imparted with numerous merits like excellent stability, recognition specificity, adsorption properties, and easy synthesis processes, and thus broaden the avenues for convenient fabrication protocol of bio‐inspired molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with desirable functions to satisfy the extensive demands of biomedical applications. Herein, the recent research progress made with respect to bio‐inspired imprinting materials is discussed in this review. First, the underlying mechanism and basic components of a typical molecular imprinting procedure are briefly explored. Then, emphasis is put on the introduction of diverse MITs and novel bio‐inspired imprinting materials. Following these two sections, practical applications of MIPs in the field of biomedical science are focused on. Last but not least, perspectives on the remaining challenges and future development of bio‐inspired imprinting materials are presented.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/advs.202202038

Bio‐Inspired Imprinting Materials for Biomedical Applications

Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins. 

A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches

A novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of citrinin based on molecularly imprinted poly(thionine) on ionic liquid decorated boron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous carbon.

A novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor based on dual-monomer molecularly imprinted polymer and Pt/Co3O4 for sensitive detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride.

A novel dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor has been fabricated for the detection of patulin. Herein, 2-oxindole (2-oxin) and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6-HNA) as the dummy templates, 4-aminothiophenol as functional monomer, and ionic liquid (IL) as electropolymerization electrolyte are employed to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film. 2-Oxin and 6-HNA have multiple groups and the obtained MIP possesses different types of imprinted sites, thereby achieving a better recognition capacity than that of single-dummy imprinted film. ILs can regulate the density of molecularly imprinted film and facilitate effective molecular recognition. The composite of PtPd decorated N-doped porous carbon has good conductivity and large surface area, and can amplify the signal. With the aid of electrochemical probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- (0.16 V vs. SCE) patulin can be detected. Under the optimal conditions, this sensor shows a detection range from 0.01 to 10 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 7.5 × 10−3 μg L−1 (S/N = 3). Two spiked juice samples were analyzed by this method, and the recovery ranges from 94 to 99.8% with RSD values of 2.4–4.6% (n = 3), indicating that this method can be applied for the detection of patulin in real samples.

Determination of patulin using dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor with PtPd decorated N-doped porous carbon for amplification

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A novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of citrinin based on molecularly imprinted poly(thionine) on ionic liquid decorated boron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous carbon.

A novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor based on dual-monomer molecularly imprinted polymer and Pt/Co3O4 for sensitive detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride.

Determination of patulin using dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor with PtPd decorated N-doped porous carbon for amplification