Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development.

Vaccines are among the most impactful public health interventions, preventing millions of new infections and deaths annually worldwide. However, emerging data suggest that vaccines may not protect all populations equally. Specifically, studies analyzing variation in vaccine-induced immunity have pointed to the critical impact of genetics, the environment, nutrition, the microbiome, and sex in influencing vaccine responsiveness. The significant contribution of sex to modulating vaccine-induced immunity has gained attention over the last years. Specifically, females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse events following vaccination than males. This enhanced immune reactogenicity among females is thought to render females more resistant to infectious diseases, but conversely also contribute to higher incidence of autoimmunity among women. Dissection of mechanisms which underlie sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity has implicated hormonal, genetic, and microbiota differences across males and females. This review will highlight the importance of sex-dependent differences in vaccine-induced immunity and specifically will address the role of sex as a modulator of humoral immunity, key to long-term pathogen-specific protection.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-vaccine-induced-humoral-immunity-1p2hbnuzkv.pdf

Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity.

Compromised SARS-CoV-2-specific placental antibody transfer.

All circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in human newborns are of maternal origin1 and transferred across the placenta to provide passive immunity until newborn IgG production takes over 15 weeks after birth2. However, maternal IgG can also negatively interfere with newborn vaccine responses3. The concentration of IgG increases sharply during the third trimester of gestation and children delivered extremely preterm are believed to largely lack this passive immunity1,2,4. Antibodies to individual viruses have been reported5–12, but the global repertoire of maternal IgG, its variation in children, and the epitopes targeted are poorly understood. Here, we assess antibodies against 93,904 epitopes from 206 viruses in 32 preterm and 46 term mother–child dyads. We find that extremely preterm children receive comparable repertoires of IgG as term children, albeit at lower absolute concentrations and consequent shorter half-life. Neutralization of the clinically important respiratory syncytial virus (RS-virus) was also comparable until three months of age. These findings have implications for understanding infectious disease susceptibility, vaccine development, and vaccine scheduling in newborn children. A longitudinal survey of maternal antiviral antibodies in newborns provides a blueprint for understanding infectious disease susceptibility and vaccine development, and inform vaccine scheduling in newborn children.

/pdf/the-repertoire-of-maternal-anti-viral-antibodies-in-human-155gn484id.pdf

The repertoire of maternal anti-viral antibodies in human newborns

There is a persistent bias toward higher prevalence and increased severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in males. Underlying mechanisms accounting for this sex difference remain incomplet...

Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits sexually dimorphic placental immune responses.

As placental mammals, the pregnant women and the fetus have intense and prolonged interactions during gestation. There is increasing evidence that multiple molecular as well as cellular components originating in pregnant women are transferred to the fetus. The transfer of maternal antibodies has long been recognized as a central component of newborn immunity against pathogens. More recent studies indicate that inflammatory mediators, micronutrients, microbial products and maternal cells are transferred in utero and influence the fetal immune system. Together, these multiple signals are likely to form a complex network of interactions that program the neonatal immune system and tune its homeostatic regulation. Maternal disorders, in particular infectious diseases, modify these signals and may thereby alter immunity in early life. Understanding maternal programming of the newborn immune system could provide a basis for interventions promoting child health.

Transfer of maternal immunity and programming of the newborn immune system.

Impact of pregnancy on polyfunctional IgG and memory B cell responses to Tdap immunization.

Antibody response to gut microbiome bacteria in human alcoholic liver disease

Antibody response to microbiota antigens is associated with alcohol-related liver disease severity and predicts mortality.

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Transfer of maternal immunity and programming of the newborn immune system.

Impact of pregnancy on polyfunctional IgG and memory B cell responses to Tdap immunization.

Antibody response to gut microbiome bacteria in human alcoholic liver disease

Antibody response to microbiota antigens is associated with alcohol-related liver disease severity and predicts mortality.