The microservice architecture is a new framework to construct a Web service as a collection of small services that communicate with each other. It is becoming increasingly popular because it can accelerate agile software development, deployment, and operation practices. As a result, cloud service providers are expected to host an increasing number of microservices that can generate significant resource pressure on the cloud infrastructure. We want to understand the characteristics of microservice workloads to design an infrastructure optimized for microservices. In this paper, we used Acme Air, an open-source benchmark for Web services, and analyzed the behavior of two versions of the benchmark, microservice and monolithic, for two widely used language runtimes, Node.js and Java. We observed a significant overhead due to the microservice architecture; the performance of the microservice version can be 79.2% lower than the monolithic version on the same hardware configuration. On Node.js, the microservice version consumed 4.22 times more time in the libraries of Node.js than the monolithic version to process one user request. On Java, the microservice version also consumed more time in the application server than the monolithic version. We explain these performance differences from both hardware and software perspectives. We discuss the network virtualization in Docker, an infrastructure for microservices that has nonnegligible impact on performance. These findings give clues to develop optimization techniques in a language runtime and hardware for microservice workloads.

Workload characterization for microservices

This article presents the vision, implementation, and case studies of the Iowa Flood Information System (IFIS) towards the vision for next-generation decision support systems for flooding. The IFIS...

FLOODSS: Iowa flood information system as a generalized flood cyberinfrastructure

Developers spend a significant portion of their time searching for solutions and methods online. While numerous tools have been developed to support this exploratory process, in many cases the answers to developers' questions involve trade-offs among multiple valid options and not just a single solution. Through interviews, we discovered that developers express a desire for help with decision-making and understanding trade-offs. Through an analysis of Stack Overflow posts, we observed that many answers describe such trade-offs. These findings suggest that tools designed to help a developer capture information and make decisions about trade-offs can provide crucial benefits for both the developers and others who want to understand their design rationale. In this work, we probe this hypothesis with a prototype system named Unakite that collects, organizes, and keeps track of information about trade-offs and builds a comparison table, which can be saved as a design rationale for later use. Our evaluation results show that Unakite reduces the cost of capturing tradeoff-related information by 45%, and that the resulting comparison table speeds up a subsequent developer's ability to understand the trade-offs by about a factor of three.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3332165.3347908

Unakite: Scaffolding Developers' Decision-Making Using the Web

The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) has impacted the industrial automation world. Traditional fleldbus and new fieldbus based on Real Time Ethernet (as PROFINET) have been challenged to include IoT solutions, whose real possibilities are still under evaluation. On the other hand, there are properties of industrial automation devices (e.g. robustness, “proven in use”, explosion proof) that may be useful also in typical IoT scenarios (e.g. building automation). Therefore, the paper proposes a reversed approach, where a new architecture enables the use of existing, legacy, industry-grade devices (e.g. PROFINET Sensors, actuators, and Programmable Logic controllers — PLC) to be used across the Internet. In the proposed system, the PROFINET network can be put into work by means of transparent proxies that use IoT paradigms. The paper presents and discusses a set of basic requirements and a preliminary performance evaluation of a sample application. The results show that the 99-percentile of the transfer time (from proxy to proxy) in the proposed system is less than 100ms, and it is stable even varying the PROFINET cycle time.

Enabling PROFINET devices to work in IoT: Characterization and requirements

With web technology rapidly expands out in recent years, there is a significant trend that Hypertext Markup Language(HTML)5 turns into a worldwide web consortium and leads the front-end development to stand on the front stage of internet history. However, there are numerous front-end development frameworks and libraries such as React, Angular and Vue. How to select a suitable framework or library to establish the e-Business and reach out to maximize the user experience becomes a priority operation in web development. This paper starts with introducing an overview of the leading frameworks and libraries in the field of front-end development and examine each performance in web services. By analyzing the research data on several aspects, this paper will list the pros and cons of each framework and library under separate commercial criteria. Finally, the paper summarizes the contributions and concludes with some possible future of front-end development in e-Business.

Research and Analysis of the Front-end Frameworks and Libraries in E-Business Development

Large scale, high concurrency, and vast amount of data are important trends for the new generation of website. Node.js becomes popular and successful to build data-intensive web applications. To study and compare the performance of Node.js, Python-Web and PHP, we used benchmark tests and scenario tests. The experimental results yield some valuable performance data, showing that PHP and Python-Web handle much less requests than that of Node.js in a certain time. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate that Node.js is quite lightweight and efficient, which is an idea fit for I/O intensive websites among the three, while PHP is only suitable for small and middle scale applications, and Python-Web is developer friendly and good for large web architectures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to evaluate these Web programming technologies with both objective systematic tests (benchmark) and realistic user behavior tests (scenario), especially taking Node.js as the main topic to discuss.

Performance Comparison and Evaluation of Web Development Technologies in PHP, Python, and Node.js

Recently, kinds of Social Network Services (SNS) have gained enough popularity among Internet users. Activity Social Network (ASN) service, as a new kind of SNS with interest as the core, is dominated by the activities and it connects users much closer through social activities. However, cheating behaviors appear frequently in SNS especially ASN because of their anonymity, which makes a large lack of trust in ASN and becomes a stumbling block that hinders the development of ASN. The researches on trust mechanism have become a key issue in recent years, but most studies focused on E-commerce and traditional social networks. The existing models are not completely suitable for social activities. Motivated by the idea of PeerTrust to compute trust values, we propose ActivityTrust model based on PeerTrust according to its unequal interaction characteristics to ensure the security and reliability of the activity social platform. Meanwhile, we build a simulative ASN platform on NetLogo, and make contrast experiments on it. We verify the effectiveness and adaptability of trust model with regards to activity success rate and trust evaluation rate.

A Novel Trust Model for Activity Social Network Based on PeerTrust

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Performance Comparison and Evaluation of Web Development Technologies in PHP, Python, and Node.js

A Novel Trust Model for Activity Social Network Based on PeerTrust