Rice is second only to maize among the world's most important cereal crops, with a global harvested area of approximately 158 million hectares and an annual production of more than 700 million tonnes as paddy rice. At this scale, rice production generates vast amounts of waste in the form of straw, husk, and bran. Because of high cellulose, lignin, and silica contents, rice biowaste (RB) can be used to produce rice biochar (RBC) and rice compost (RC). Furthermore, RB can be used as sorbents, soil conditioners, bricks/concrete blocks, flat steel products, and biofuels, all of which make significant contributions to meeting United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Although previous reviews have explored individual applications of rice feedstocks, inadequate attention has been paid to multifunctional values and potential multi-utilities. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of RBC and RC with respect to: (1) preparation and characterization; (2) applications as soil conditioners and organic fertilizers and their effects on soil-carbon sequestration; (3) remediation of toxic element–contaminated soils and water; (4) removal of colors, dyes, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, personal-care products, and residual pesticides from water; and (5) applications in the construction industry. Specifically, we describe the opportunities for the sustainable use of RBC and RC in the management of contaminated soils and water as well as the construction industry. Overall, this review is expected to lengthen the list of possible multifunctional applications of RBC and RC.

Sustainable applications of rice feedstock in agro-environmental and construction sectors: A global perspective

Biochar has been reported to mitigate short-term methane (CH4) emissions from paddy soil. Currently, CH4 mitigation by biochar has primarily focused on the abundance and variations of methanogens and methanotrophs, and changes in their activities during methane production and consumption. However, long-term effects of biochar on methane mitigation from paddy soil remain controversial. This review overviewed the existing mechanisms for CH4 mitigation as a result of biochar application. In addition, the two existing opinions on the long-term CH4 mitigation effect upon biochar application were highlighted. Combining the already explored mechanisms of fresh biochar on CH4 mitigation from paddy soil and a novel discovery, the potential mechanisms of biochar on long-term methane emission response were proposed. This review also revealed the uncertain responses of biochar on long-term CH4 mitigation. Therefore, to achieve carbon neutral goal, it is important to further explore the mechanisms of long-term CH4 mitigation under biochar application.

/pdf/exploring-long-term-effects-of-biochar-on-mitigating-methane-4bgbzu0f5h.pdf

Exploring long-term effects of biochar on mitigating methane emissions from paddy soil: a review

This study evaluated the effect of biochar on the soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, and rice yield in a heavily saline-sodic paddy soil using a 2-year field experiment conducted in Jilin province in the northeastern part of China. The soil was amended with biochar at 0 biochar (B0), 33.75 t ha−1 (B1), 67.5 t ha−1 (B2), and 101.25 t ha−1 (B3). The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The results show that the addition of biochar significantly increased the availability of soil total N, available P, and available K, while it remarkably reduced the content of the soil’s alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, among which NH4-N and NO3-N were reduced significantly in 2 years. Biochar applications significantly increased the soil organic matter and soil C/N ratio. The soil Na+/K+ ratio was significantly reduced after biochar application in both 2 years. All of the biochar amendment applications improved the soil catalase activity, soil alkaline phosphatase activity, soil urease activity, and soil sucrose activity. The rice biomass, grain yield, and harvest index were significantly increased. Biochar applications can improve the soil nutrient status, decrease Na+/K+ concentration in soil, promote rice growth, and increase the rice yield in heavily saline-sodic paddy soils. It is anticipated that the study results will be useful for formulating novel management ways for improving crop production on saline-sodic soil.

Effects of Peanut Shell Biochar on Soil Nutrients, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Rice Yield in Heavily Saline-Sodic Paddy Field

Rice is second only to maize among the world's most important cereal crops, with a global harvested area of approximately 158 million hectares and an annual production of more than 700 million tonnes as paddy rice. At this scale, rice production generates vast amounts of waste in the form of straw, husk, and bran. Because of high cellulose, lignin, and silica contents, rice biowaste (RB) can be used to produce rice biochar (RBC) and rice compost (RC). Furthermore, RB can be used as sorbents, soil conditioners, bricks/concrete blocks, flat steel products, and biofuels, all of which make significant contributions to meeting United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Although previous reviews have explored individual applications of rice feedstocks, inadequate attention has been paid to multifunctional values and potential multi-utilities. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of RBC and RC with respect to: (1) preparation and characterization; (2) applications as soil conditioners and organic fertilizers and their effects on soil-carbon sequestration; (3) remediation of toxic element–contaminated soils and water; (4) removal of colors, dyes, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, personal-care products, and residual pesticides from water; and (5) applications in the construction industry. Specifically, we describe the opportunities for the sustainable use of RBC and RC in the management of contaminated soils and water as well as the construction industry. Overall, this review is expected to lengthen the list of possible multifunctional applications of RBC and RC. 

Methane emissions and rice yield in a paddy soil: the effect of biochar and polystyrene microplastics interaction

In order to ascertain the effects of biochar on paddy soil fertility under different water management modes, two types of biochar as rice straw biochar (RSC) and rice husk biochar (RHC) were applied into two types of paddy soils, sandy loam (soil I) and silty loam (soil II). Five biochar application rates as 0 (CK), 5 (C1), 10 (C2), 20 (C3), and 50 (C4) g kg−1 were used under three water management modes, i.e., flooded irrigation (FI), intermittent irrigation (II), and wet irrigation (WI); all treatments are incubated for 60 days. The biochar application increased soil water holding capacity (WHC) (0.88–47.93%), pH (− 0.03–1.61 units), cation exchange capacity (CEC) (0.1–3.4 cmol kg−1), soil organic matter (SOM) (2.35–229.31%), total nitrogen (TN) (4.88–86.84%), available phosphorus (P) (0–171.74%), and potassium (K) (0.25–14.47 times). The increased nutrient content of soil I was higher than that of soil II, and the increase by RSC was significantly greater than that by RHC. In addition, the II mode or WI mode was more beneficial to increase soil pH, available P, and CEC. The water management modes, biochar types, and its dosage, as well as soil type and their interaction, had remarkable effects on soil improvement of paddy soil fertility. The study showed that biochar applied under intermittent and wet irrigation modes offers a good potential for the improvement of paddy soil fertility than flooding irrigation mode.

Effects of Biochar on Paddy Soil Fertility Under Different Water Management Modes

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Effects of Biochar on Paddy Soil Fertility Under Different Water Management Modes