Recent advances in extracellular biopolymer flocculants

The protection of all environmental compartments (water, soil, air) is of great interest for the normal functioning of life on Earth. The environment is systematically polluted with different concentrations of physical, biological and chemical pollutants. For the purpose of environmental protection, numerous in situ and ex situ biological, chemical and physical remediation techniques have been developed. Most techniques have limitations, such as high cost, processing time or environmental feasibility. In general, biological techniques have proven to be the most environmentally friendly compared to chemical and physical techniques. Furthermore, remediation is an extremely complex procedure due to the complexity of the pollutant composition. Therefore, the implementation of individual physical, biological or chemical remediation techniques is often not sufficient for adequate remediation of the polluted environment. Accordingly, for more economical and efficient environmental remediation, it is recommended to use a combination of techniques that should meet the requirements of efficiency and treatment duration. Ultimately, this review provides a concise overview of the recent application of physical, biological and chemical remediation techniques to all compartments of the polluted environment. A critical review of existing knowledge on environmental remediation through a search of the relevant literature has helped to assess the basic challenges and limitations that arise in the issue of environmental remediation, as well as providing recommendations and guidelines for future research. 

Current Trends and Future Perspectives in the Remediation of Polluted Water, Soil and Air—A Review

The protection of all environmental compartments (water, soil, air) is of great interest for the normal functioning of life on Earth. The environment is systematically polluted with different concentrations of physical, biological and chemical pollutants. For the purpose of environmental protection, numerous in situ and ex situ biological, chemical and physical remediation techniques have been developed. Most techniques have limitations, such as high cost, processing time or environmental feasibility. In general, biological techniques have proven to be the most environmentally friendly compared to chemical and physical techniques. Furthermore, remediation is an extremely complex procedure due to the complexity of the pollutant composition. Therefore, the implementation of individual physical, biological or chemical remediation techniques is often not sufficient for adequate remediation of the polluted environment. Accordingly, for more economical and efficient environmental remediation, it is recommended to use a combination of techniques that should meet the requirements of efficiency and treatment duration. Ultimately, this review provides a concise overview of the recent application of physical, biological and chemical remediation techniques to all compartments of the polluted environment. A critical review of existing knowledge on environmental remediation through a search of the relevant literature has helped to assess the basic challenges and limitations that arise in the issue of environmental remediation, as well as providing recommendations and guidelines for future research.

Designer cropping systems present agricultural management practices that are essential for sustainable crop productivity. Applying different cropping systems improves soil health and function, soil structure and fertility, carbon sequestration, increases yield and produces great biomass, provides pest and disease control, prevents erosion, and reduces water and land pollution. Designing cropping systems on polluted lands is achieved by using plants that are good phytoremediators of heavy metals and metalloids. The phytoremediation capacity of these plants is more efficient with the addition of different amendments. Co-cropping can be used for reducing heavy metals in the main crop when they are planted together with accumulator or hyperaccumulator plants, thereby enhancing phytoextraction and phytoremediation efficiency in the agricultural field. To recap, appropriate combinations of diverse plant species in crop rotation, short rotation coppice, and intercropping on polluted fields provide suitable phytoremediation and production of safe and economically valuable crops. This chapter covers sustainable wetland rice agriculture and rice response to pollutants. Additionally, this chapter provides an overview of the reuse and disposal of agro-wastes to designer crop systems. Future work needs to focus on new cropping systems without damaged or polluted environments and cultivation in order to promote natural regulatory processes. 

Designer cropping systems in phytoremediation programs

Natural fibers from renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as biodegradable reinforcing materials and substitute for the utilization of glass or carbon fibers and inorganic fillers. The properties of the natural fibers, specifically low cost, lightweight, biodegradability, noncorrosive properties, high specific strength, and Young’s modulus make it a good candidate for the manufacturing of various products. Natural fiber–polymer composites are used in automotive, aerospace, defense, transportation, and other sectors of industrial textile applications. Their consumption is continuously expanding by the average triple growth rate in comparison with the average growth rate of the other composite materials. This chapter, as an acceptable material for automotive applications, will acquaint the reader with the aspects such as the physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers, application of natural fibers in composites for automotive industry, and give the examples of the automotive natural fiber composites (NFC) and their properties, and the polymers used. The following chapter reviews common factors affecting some applications of the natural fibers designed to provide better performance and produce lightweight materials in the automotive industry.

Green Composite as an Adequate Material for Automotive Applications

Strain Galactomyces sp. M-2 from activated sludge was used as parent strain and then UV mutation breeding was performed. Finally we obtained a quality strain UVM8 suitable for the production of bioflocculant which flocculating activity is 92.8%. It showed there is excellent stable flocculating activity for stain UVM8 in the flocculating stability experiment. Further studies showed the best flocculation effect was obtained when C/N ration is 20:2 and pH is 8 in the initial culture medium.

Screening for the Strain Galactomyces sp. Producing Bioflocculant by UV Mutagenesis

This research explores the effects of fermented Myriophyllum aquaticum (F) and Lactobacillus plantarum BW2013 (G) as new feed additives on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic profile of mice. Crude protein (p = 0.045), lipid (p = 0.000), and ash (p = 0.006) contents in Myriophyllum aquaticum (N) were improved, whereas raw fiber (p = 0.031) content was decreased after solid-state fermentation by G. Mice were fed with no additive control (CK), 10%N (N), 10%N + G (NG), 10%F (F), and 10%F + G (FG). High-throughput sequencing results showed that, compared with the CK group, Parabacteroides goldsteinii was increased in treatment groups and that Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides coprocola were increased in the F and FG groups. Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides coprocola were increased in the F group compared with the N group. Metabolomic results showed that vitamin A, myricetin, gallic acid, and luteolin were increased in the F group compared with the N group. Reduction in LPG 18:1 concentration in the N and F groups could be attenuated or even abolished by supplementation with G. Furthermore, 9-oxo-ODA was upregulated in the FG group compared with the F group. Collectively, N, F, and G have beneficial effects on gut microbiota and metabolic profile in mice, especially intake of FG.

/pdf/fermented-myriophyllum-aquaticum-and-lactobacillus-plantarum-2tisa1va.pdf

Fermented Myriophyllum aquaticum and Lactobacillus plantarum Affect the Distribution of Intestinal Microbial Communities and Metabolic Profile in Mice

A variety of remediation approaches have been applied to reduce the harm and diffusion of heavy metals in aquatic sediments; however, phytoremediation in co-contaminated soils is still not clear. In order to explore the phytoremediation of sediments contaminated by Cu and Pb, two submerged plants with different characteristics, Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata, were interplanted with Myriophyllum spicatum. By simulating a submerged plant ecological environment, medium-scale-simulated ecological remediation experiments were carried out. The results showed that the two planting patterns were effective in repairing the sediments in the Cu and Pb contaminated sediments. The intercropping of Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria natans can be used as the plant stabilizer of Cu because of the TF > 1 and BCF < 1, and the intercropping with Hydrilla verticillata can regulate the enrichment efficiency of Myriophyllum spicatum. The removal rates of Cu and Pb in sediments reached 26.1% and 68.4%, respectively, under the two planting patterns. The risk grade of the restored sediments was RI < 150, indicating a low risk.

/pdf/phytoremediation-competence-of-composite-heavy-metal-18gggfje.pdf

Phytoremediation Competence of Composite Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Sediments by Intercropping Myriophyllum spicatum L. with Two Species of Plants

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Screening for the Strain Galactomyces sp. Producing Bioflocculant by UV Mutagenesis

Fermented Myriophyllum aquaticum and Lactobacillus plantarum Affect the Distribution of Intestinal Microbial Communities and Metabolic Profile in Mice

Phytoremediation Competence of Composite Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Sediments by Intercropping Myriophyllum spicatum L. with Two Species of Plants