Recent progress in improving the yield of microbially enhanced coalbed methane production

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of ionic liquid analogues that have received heightened research attention in recent years. These binary or ternary mixtures are composed of quaternary salts, metal salts, or organic compounds that exhibit hydrogen bond donating and accepting behaviours within the DES system, forming a hydrogen bond network that results in melting point depression. The facile preparation of DESs coupled with the virtually unlimited combination of components enables a large number of unique solvents to be produced, characterized, and applied; accordingly, highly tailorable solvents can be prepared for specific applications. Numerous applied studies have utilized DESs; however, current fundamental knowledge of DES physicochemical and phase equilibria properties is relatively limited compared to the wide spectrum of possible formulations. Furthermore, available reporting of DES physicochemical properties encompasses a multitude of parameters, from density and ionic conductivity to more niche properties such as vapour pressure and acoustic properties. Therefore, a comprehensive review that compiles and evaluates recent works documenting the physicochemical properties of DESs is required to improve our understanding of fundamental DES properties and their prospective applications, and to identify gaps in this critical research area. Accordingly, this paper aims to act as a reference on the physicochemical properties of DESs and illuminate efforts dedicated to this foundational research area. 

A comprehensive review on the physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents

The cost-effective and low-carbon fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass will enhance the economic viability of bio-refining. To achieve efficient reed fractionation under favorable conditions, microwave-assisted choline chloride and p-toluene sulfonic acid (M-ChCl/p-TsOH) pretreatment was employed. The fractionation of reed components demonstrated higher effectiveness with M-ChCl/p-TsOH pretreatment compared to conventional DES pretreatment. Under M-ChCl/p-TsOH conditions, a high hemicellulose removal rate (∼90%) and delignification rate (∼65%) were achieved while achieving a saccharification rate of 88% during cellulase hydrolysis. Microwave assistance not only significantly reduced reaction time to less than 60 s but also enhanced the pretreatment efficacy. Furthermore, the obtained lignin products consisted of low-polymerization lignin (MW < 800 g/mol) and acid-soluble lignin, providing a solid foundation for subsequent high-value utilization of lignin. This study provides a promising strategy for the low carbon fractionation of reed using DES, aiming to simultaneously achieve efficient cellulose hydrolysis and obtain tractable lignin. 

Combination of microwave with acid deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for reed (Phragmites australis) fractionation

Suitable operating parameters are one of the key factors to efficient and stable biological wastewater treatment of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) wastewater. In this study, an improved AnSBR-ASBR reactor (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, AnSBR, and aerobic SBR, ASBR, run in series) was used to investigated the effects of operating conditions such as hydraulic residence time (HRT), AnSBR stirring speed and ASBR dissolved oxygen (DO) for DMF wastewater treatment. When HRT decreased from 24 h to 12 h, the average removal rates of COD by the AnSBR were 34.59% and 39.54%, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal rate of NH4+-N by ASBR decreased from 88.38% to 62.81%. The DMF removal rate reached the best at 18 h and the expression of dehydrogenase was the highest in the AnSBR. The abundance of Megasphaera, the dominant sugar-degrading bacteria in the AnSBR, continued to decline due to the decrease of HRT. The relative abundance of Methanobacterium gradually increased to 80.2% with the decrease of HRT and that hydrotrophic methanogenesis dominated the methanogenic process. The HRT decrease promoted butyrate and pyruvate metabolism in anaerobic sludge, but the proportion of glycolysis and methane metabolism decreased. The AnSBR-ASBR reactor had the best operation performance when HRT was 18 h, AnSBR speed was 220 r/min, and ASBR DO content was 3-4 mg/L. This study provided an effective reference for the reasonable selection of operating parameters in the treatment of DMF-containing wastewater by the AnSBR-ASBR. 

Impact analysis of hydraulic residence time and dissolved oxygen on performance efficiency and microbial community in N, N-dimethylformamide wastewater treated by an AnSBR-ASBR.

In recent years, releasing post-combustion CO2 into the atmosphere has led to global warming. Air contamination has appeared as a challenge for governments, so several approaches have been used to overcome this issue. So far, physical and chemical solvents have been employed by researchers for CO2 capture. These years deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as an alternative to traditional solvents. In this study, we have investigated a mixture of DES + a physical solvent for the CO2 solubility measurement using a static vapor-liquid equilibrium cell. In this work, the DES was composed of Choline Chloride and MDEA in a molar ratio of 1 to 6 which is blended with sulfolane in weight percentages of 5,10, and 15. We performed the experiments at temperatures of 323.15, 333.15, and 343.15 K and a pressure range of up to 5 MPa. In our previous work, we had already investigated the influence of piperazine on the present DES that led to enhancing CO2 absorption in the mixture, while adding sulfolane to the DES in the present work does not positive effect on CO2 solubility in the DES. Enhancing pressure and reducing temperature also led to increasing CO2 solubility. Finally, we modeled the solubility data with the PC-SAFT equation of state. The modeling results were in excellent agreement with the experimental data for DES-CO2, DES-sulfolane-CO2, and DES-piperazine-CO2 systems, so the PC-SAFT EoS successfully estimated the carbon dioxide solubility in the present systems with the absolute average deviation percent of less than unity. 

High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Solubility in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (Choline Chloride/MDEA) + Sulfolane - Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Modeling Using PC-SAFT Equation of State

Currently, biomethane obtained from coal resources, such as lignite and peat, serves as a sustainable biofuel urgently needed by the energy economy. To improve biomethane yield from lignite, the effects of different concentrations of benzyl alcohol, a degraded product of humic acid, on a biomethanation fermentation system were analyzed. The total biomethane yield, daily biomethane yield, coenzyme F420, VFA (volatile fatty acids) concentration, alkalinity, and pH were used to determine the optimal benzyl alcohol concentration. The biomethanation fermentation system with 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol produced up to 4.03 mL/g of biomethane, which was 1.15 times that produced from the control group. The coenzyme F420, VFA, alkalinity, and pH of the system after adding 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol were more preferable after adding other concentrations during the lignite biomethanation process. In summary, 2000 mg/L benzyl alcohol had a significantly positive effect on the lignite biomethanation fermentation system. When benzyl alcohol is added to the fermentation system, it accelerates the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which in turn produces more biomethane. Additionally, the self-supply of lignite microbial transformation nutrients from the perspective of chemical composition was explored as a novel approach in solving the common problem of low biomethane yield from a single lignite raw material. This also laid a foundation for subsequent steps through the adjustment of pretreatment conditions to ensure that the lignite pretreatment liquid contained increased benzyl alcohol, and a greater yield of biomethane can be produced after activated sludge addition.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c05282

Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on Biomethanation from Lignite

The density, viscosity, and hydrogen sulfide solubility of the triethylamine hydrochloride ferric chloride ionic liquid (rFeCl3/Et3NHCl) were measured at temperatures of 303.15 to 348.15 K, pressures up to 200 kPa, and iron–amine ratios (r, molar ratio of anhydrous FeCl3 to Et3NHCl) of 0.4 to 1.0 mol·mol–1. Density and viscosity data were respectively fitted with empirical correlations for temperature. The H2S solubility in rFeCl3/Et3NHCl was measured by the isochoric pressure drop method. The absorption of H2S in FeCl3/Et3NHCl contains the physical process and chemical process. The decrease in temperature and iron–amine ratio and the increase in pressure are beneficial to improve the total solubility of H2S. Using the reaction equilibrium thermodynamic model (RETM) to correlate the solubility data, the chemical reaction equilibrium constant and Henry’s constant were obtained. Affected by the molecular molar volume and acidity, Henry’s constant first decreases and then increases with the increase in iron–amine ratio and has a minimum value at 0.6 molar ratio. The reaction equilibrium constant decreases with the rise of iron–amine ratio and the reduction of temperature. The total solubility at low pressure is dominated by chemical absorption. As the pressure increases, the proportion of physical absorption increases. 

Density, Viscosity, and Hydrogen Sulfide Solubility of the Triethylamine Hydrochloride Ferric Chloride Ionic Liquid

This work studied the physical properties of three deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their catalytic activity in the esterification of palmitic acid and ethanol. Three types of deep eutectic solven...

Physical properties of deep eutectic solvents based on p-toluene sulfonic acid and employment as catalyst

A novel modified walnut shell (TWNS) was prepared through sequentially reacting the walnut shell (WNS) with thionyl chloride and triethylamine in N-methyl pyrrolidone to remove Reactive Brilliant Blue from dye wastewater. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the TWNS. The effects of different experimental conditions such as the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the dosage of thionyl chloride and triethylamine on the quaternary ammonium grafting percentage of TWNS have been studied. The results reveal the quaternary ammonium grafting percentage (Y) is up to 18.37% when the dosage of thionyl chloride (V1) is 35 mL, the reaction time (t1) is 3 h in the first step reaction; the dosage of triethylamine (V2) is 40 mL, the reaction temperature (T) is 80°C and the reaction time (t2) is 12 h in the second step reaction.

/pdf/walnut-shell-modified-by-thionyl-chloride-and-triethylamine-1y7od83033.pdf

Walnut Shell Modified by Thionyl Chloride and Triethylamine: Synthesis and Characterization

The purpose of this study was to investigate a continuous process for the recovery of lactic acid from fermentation broth. A reactive distillation process to purify lactic acid by esterification with isoamyl alcohol and hydrolysis was designed and simulated by Aspen. Five columns were included in the process: esterification column, purification column, hydrolysis column, dehydration column and recovery column. Effects of process parameters (operating pressure, feed composition, feed position, number of reaction and separation stages, and reboiler duty) of the esterification column on the yield and purity of lactic ester was evaluated. Further evaluation was carried out to reveal the effects of process parameters of the hydrolysis column on the yield and purity of lactic acid. The total annual cost of the whole process was calculated. Simulation studies are carried out using Aspen Plus RADFRAC module. It was shown that under the optimized condition, the concentration of lactic acid can reach up to 82.4 wt%, and the organic acid impurities were less than 3 ppm. Compared with the traditional usage of methanol and butanol, the isoamyl alcohol process can save about 20% of the total annual cost at the same output of lactic acid. Results obtained in this work Original Research Article Wang et al.; AJOCS, 9(1): 29-42, 2021; Article no.AJOCS.64146 30 can be used for scale-up study of an industrial reactive distillation operation as an efficient and economical alternative to recover lactic acid from fermentation broth.

/pdf/design-and-optimization-of-lactic-acid-purification-process-5ol8emrcx7.pdf

Design and Optimization of Lactic Acid Purification Process by Reactive Distillation with Isoamyl Alcohol

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