Yarrowia lipolytica has been developed as a production host for a large variety of biotechnological applications. Efficacy and safety studies have demonstrated the safe use of Yarrowia-derived products containing significant proportions of Yarrowia biomass (as for DuPont's eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil) or with the yeast itself as the final product (as for British Petroleum's single-cell protein product). The natural occurrence of the species in food, particularly cheese, other dairy products and meat, is a further argument supporting its safety. The species causes rare opportunistic infections in severely immunocompromised or otherwise seriously ill people with other underlying diseases or conditions. The infections can be treated effectively by the use of regular antifungal drugs, and in some cases even disappeared spontaneously. Based on our assessment, we conclude that Y. lipolytica is a "safe-to-use" organism.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/1040841X.2013.770386

Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential.

Opportunities for improving biodiesel production via lipase catalysis

Designing genuine electrocatalysts that selectively reduce nitrate/nitrite (NOx−) is becoming ever more vital to produce ammonia (NH3) sustainably, safeguard the environment, and even rebalance the Earth’s nitrogen cycle. Since 2020, the aim of NH3 electrosynthesis from NOx− has been pursued, and with electrode design explosion, the field has been able to progressively distinguish effective strategies. Collective knowledge of state-of-the-art catalytic systems is indisputably essential for implementing this clean technology in industry. Hence, we present an overview of nicely constructed denitrifying electrocatalysts along with structural features that are more favorable for turning NOx− into NH3, focusing on performance, mechanisms, upgraded devices, etc. Key NH3-evolving efficiency optimization ideas with critical insights are identified and highlighted. We discuss high-quality works that exemplify gaps separating studies from large-scale deployment and proposed relevant bridging solutions. Outlook on challenges faced by NOx−-to-NH3 electrolysis systems are emphasized to inspire future works. Designing genuine electrocatalysts that selectively reduce nitrate/nitrite (NOx−) is becoming ever more vital to produce ammonia (NH3) sustainably, safeguard the environment, and even rebalance the Earth’s nitrogen cycle. Since 2020, the aim of NH3 electrosynthesis from NOx− has been pursued, and with electrode design explosion, the field has been able to progressively distinguish effective strategies. Collective knowledge of state-of-the-art catalytic systems is indisputably essential for implementing this clean technology in industry. Hence, we present an overview of nicely constructed denitrifying electrocatalysts along with structural features that are more favorable for turning NOx− into NH3, focusing on performance, mechanisms, upgraded devices, etc. Key NH3-evolving efficiency optimization ideas with critical insights are identified and highlighted. We discuss high-quality works that exemplify gaps separating studies from large-scale deployment and proposed relevant bridging solutions. Outlook on challenges faced by NOx−-to-NH3 electrolysis systems are emphasized to inspire future works. 

Advances in ammonia electrosynthesis from ambient nitrate/nitrite reduction

Biodiesel has provided an eco-friendly solution to fuel crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable and a non-toxic fuel that can be easily produced through enzymatic transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Enzymatic production of biodiesel has many advantages over the conventional methods as high yields can be obtained at low reaction temperatures with easy recovery of glycerol. Microbial lipases are powerful biocatalysts for industrial applications including biodiesel production at lower costs due to its potential in hydrolyzing waste industrial materials. Among them, lipases from yeasts, Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon asahii and Yarrowia lipolytica are known to catalyze such reactions. Moreover, stepwise addition of methanol in a three step, two step and single step reactions have been developed using yeast lipases to minimize the inhibitory effects of methanol. The latest trend in biodiesel production is the use of whole-cell as biocatalysts, since the process requires no downstream processing of the enzyme. Synthesis of value added products from the byproduct glycerol further reduces the production cost of biodiesel. This review aims at compiling the information on various yeast lipase catalyzed transesterification reactions for greener production of biodiesel.

Enzymatic transesterification for production of biodiesel using yeast lipases: An overview

Current status and new developments of biodiesel production using fungal lipases

Constructing Cu-CuO heterostructured skin on Cu cubes to promote electrocatalytic ammonia production from nitrate wastewater.

Oleic Acid Esterification in Solvent-Free Medium by Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase Immobilized on Fabric Membranes

The invention provides a Yarrowia lipolytica lipase high-yield strain LW1 (CGMCC No.2707) obtained through an ultraviolet mutagenesis method, a fermentation culture method, a lipase purification method, and a method for catalyzing the methyl esterification of fatty acid thereof. Yarrowia lipolytica CGMCC No.2707 is cultured for 97.5 h through fed-batch fermentation on a fermentation tank with thecapacity of 100L, the lipase production level is 15,500U/ml, and the activity of produced lipase powder is 30,000U/g. The obtained lipase powder or a zymotic fluid can be directly applied to a reaction of catalyzing the methyl esterification of the fatty acid. The conversion rate for 30h is more than 90 percent when the fatty acid and methanol are added according to the equal mol ratio and the using amount of the lipase in a system is 1,000-3,000U per gram of fatty acid.

A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica mutant strain capable of highly yielding lipase, cultivation method and use of enzyme thereof

Enzymatic biodiesel production by transesterification in solvent media has been investigated intensively, but glycerol, as a by-product, could block the immobilized enzyme and excess n-hexane, as a solution aid, would reduce the productivity of the enzyme. Esterification, a solvent-free and no-glycerol-release system for biodiesel production, has been developed, and two-step catalysis of soybean oil, hydrolysis followed by esterification, with Yarrowia lipolytica lipase is reported in this paper. First, soybean oil was hydrolyzed at 40°C by 100 U of lipase broth per 1 g of oil with approximately 30% to 60% (vol/vol) water. The free fatty acid (FFA) distilled from this hydrolysis mixture was used for the esterification of FFA to fatty acid ethyl ester by immobilized lipase. A mixture of 2.82 g of FFA and equimolar ethanol (addition in three steps) were shaken at 30°C with 18 U of lipase per 1 gram of FFA. The degree of esterification reached 85% after 3 hours. The lipase membranes were taken out, dehydrated and subjected to fresh esterification so that over 82% of esterification was maintained, even though the esterification was repeated every 3 hours for 25 batches. The two-step enzymatic process without glycerol released and solvent-free demonstrated higher efficiency and safety than enzymatic transesterification, which seems very promising for lipase-catalyzed, large-scale production of biodiesel, especially from high acid value waste oil.

/pdf/two-step-synthesis-of-fatty-acid-ethyl-ester-from-soybean-2nqp24pfaw.pdf

Two-step synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester from soybean oil catalyzed by Yarrowia lipolytica lipase.

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Constructing Cu-CuO heterostructured skin on Cu cubes to promote electrocatalytic ammonia production from nitrate wastewater.

Oleic Acid Esterification in Solvent-Free Medium by Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase Immobilized on Fabric Membranes

A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica mutant strain capable of highly yielding lipase, cultivation method and use of enzyme thereof

Two-step synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester from soybean oil catalyzed by Yarrowia lipolytica lipase.