A comprehensive review on contaminants removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation process.

The use of membrane-based technologies has been applied for water treatment applications; however, the limitations of conventional polymeric membranes have led to the addition of inorganic fillers to enhance their performance. In recent years, nanocomposite membranes have greatly attracted the attention of scientists for water treatment applications such as wastewater treatment, water purification, removal of microorganisms, chemical compounds, heavy metals, etc. The incorporation of different nanofillers, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide, graphene oxide, silver and copper nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, 2D materials, and some other novel nano-scale materials into polymeric membranes have provided great advances, e.g., enhancing on hydrophilicity, suppressing the accumulation of pollutants and foulants, enhancing rejection efficiencies and improving mechanical properties and thermal stabilities. Thereby, the aim of this work is to provide up-to-date information related to those novel nanocomposite membranes and their contribution for water treatment applications.

Progress of Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Treatment

Increasing human activity, including commercial and noncommercial use of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and agricultural products, has introduced new contaminants that can be challenging to remove with currently available technologies. Pharmaceuticals, in particular, can be especially challenging to remove from the water supply and can pose great harm to people and local ecosystems. Their highly stable nature makes their degradation with conventional water treatment techniques difficult, and studies have shown that even advanced treatment of water is unable to remove some compounds. As such, decontamination of water from pharmaceuticals requires the development of advanced technologies capable of being used in indirect and direct potable water reuse. In this review, we discuss pharmaceutical removal in indirect potable water treatment and how recent advancements in adsorption and photocatalysis technologies can be used for the decontamination of pharmaceutical-based emerging contaminants. For instance, new materials that incorporate graphene-based nanomaterials have been developed and shown to have increased adsorptive capabilities toward pharmaceuticals when compared with unmodified graphene. In addition, adsorbents have been incorporated in membrane technologies, and photocatalysts have been combined with magnetic material and coated on optical fibers improving their usability in water treatment. Advancements in photocatalytic material research have enabled the development of highly effective materials capable of degradation of a variety of pharmaceutical compounds and the development of visible-light photocatalysts. To understand how adsorbents and photocatalysts can be utilized in water treatment, we address the benefits and limitations associated with these technologies and their potential applicability in indirect potable water reuse plants.

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Nano-based adsorbent and photocatalyst use for pharmaceutical contaminant removal during indirect potable water reuse

Cost and efficiency perspectives of ceramic membranes for water treatment.

Water contaminants have attracted considerable research attention owing to the safety risks they pose when present in drinking water consumed by humans and animals, where their high toxicity and bioaccumulation characteristics in biological tissues can cause severe health problems. Caffeine is an emerging contaminant due to its high consumption by the general population, and it can be used to track pollution caused by humans. Approximately 5% of ingested caffeine is excreted through the urine as it cannot be completely metabolized. The caffeine removal efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment methods varies with the system. In addition, studies have reported higher caffeine concentrations in water resources than in water treated in wastewater treatment plants, indicating that effluents are being illegally discharged into rivers. Therefore, alternative caffeine treatment methods have been studied, including adsorption, advanced oxidative processes, bioremediation, and membrane separation. This paper presents a literature review of methods for caffeine removal from aqueous solutions and real effluents, and it covers the main results and limitations of each method. The Scopus database was used to identify relevant articles on caffeine removal. Through the review, it is concluded that even with promising application trends, the current methods developed for caffeine removal present several limitations, often include the complexity of the mechanisms of action, quantification of the contaminants in real effluents, and low sustainability of the technique.

Alternative techniques for caffeine removal from wastewater: An overview of opportunities and challenges

Performance and mechanisms for the removal of phthalates and pharmaceuticals from aqueous solution by graphene-containing ceramic composite tubular membrane coupled with the simultaneous electrocoagulation and electrofiltration process.

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Performance and mechanisms for the removal of phthalates and pharmaceuticals from aqueous solution by graphene-containing ceramic composite tubular membrane coupled with the simultaneous electrocoagulation and electrofiltration process.