Abstract In this study, Pea Peels-Activated Carbon (PPAC), a novel biochar, was created from leftover pea peels ( Pisum sativum ) by wet impregnation with ZnCl 2 and subsequent heating to 600, 700, and 800 °C in a CO 2 atmosphere. Investigated how the newly acquired biochar affected the capacity to extract the AY11 dye from the aqueous solution. Through the use of FTIR, XRD, SEM, BJH, BET, DSC, EDX, and TGA studies, the prepared PPAC was identified. It was found that a pH of 2 is optimum for the AY11 dye elimination. The highest removal percentage of AY11 dye was 99.10% using a beginning AY11 dye concentration of 100 mg/L and a 1.0 g/L dose of PPAC. The highest adsorption capacity ( Q m ) of the PPAC was 515.46 mg/g. Freundlich (FIM), Halsey (HIM), Langmuir (LIM), Tempkin (TIM), and Gineralize (GIM) isotherm models were useful in examining the adsorption results. A variety of error functions, including the average percent errors (APE), root mean square errors (RMS), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), hybrid error function (HYBRID), Chi-square error (X 2 ) and a sum of absolute errors (EABS) equations, were also applied to test the isotherm models data. The PPAC experimental data were best suited by the HIM and FIM isotherm models. Elovich (EM), Pseudo-first-order (PFOM), Intraparticle diffusion (IPDM), Pseudo-second-order (PSOM), and Film diffusion (FDM) models were applied to study the kinetic adsorption results. The PSOM had a strong correlation coefficient ( R 2 &gt; 0.99), and it was principally responsible for controlling the adsorption rate. Anions are typically absorbed during the adsorption mechanism of AY11 dye by PPAC owing to attractive electrostatic forces created with an increase in positively charged areas at acidic pH levels. The regenerated PPAC was used in six successive adsorption/desorption cycles. This study's outcomes show that PPAC successfully removes the AY11 dye from the aqueous solution; as a result, PPAC can be used repeatedly without experiencing considerable loss in effectiveness. 

/pdf/isotherm-and-kinetic-studies-of-acid-yellow-11-dye-rdsxuyl4.pdf

Isotherm and kinetic studies of acid yellow 11 dye adsorption from wastewater using Pisum Sativum peels microporous activated carbon

Highly stable natural zeolite/montmorillonite hybrid microspheres with green preparation process for efficient adsorption of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater

Two-dimensional montmorillonite nanosheet (MMTNS) is desirable building block for fabricating multifunctional materials as due to its extraordinary properties. In practical applications, however, the concentration of MMTNS prepared by exfoliation is normally too low to be used for material assembling. The general thermal-concentration method is effective, however, it can be time-consuming and require a lot of energy. In this case, the remarkable dispersion stability of MMTNS is worth noting. Herein, the extraordinary dispersion stability of MMTNS derived from electrostatic and hydration repulsion was firstly revealed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which caused the poor dewatering of MMTNS. Further, based on the surface and structural chemistry of MMTNS, a series of strategies, involving charge and cross-linked structure regulation on the edge surface, as well as electrical double-layer modulation and calcification modification based on the electrolytes, were proposed to inhibit the dispersion and enhance the aggregation of MMTNS. Intriguingly, a novel chemical, Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) was applied in the dewatering of MMTNS. The TEPA not only act as a cross-linker to bond with MMTNS into an easy-to-dewatering 3D network structure, but also act as a switch for effortless viscosity tuning. Meanwhile, the dual function of electrolytes for electrical double layer compression and calcification modification of MMTNS was investigated by DLVO theory and structural analyses. This work offers explicit directions for improving the dewatering performance of MMTNS to meet the requirements of practical implementation. 

Dewatering behavior and regulation mechanism of montmorillonite nanosheet in aqueous solution.

Magnetic bentonite is modified by an amphoteric surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine, BS-12), then modified by a cationic surfactant (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTMAB) and anionic surfactant (Sodium lauryl sulfonate, SDS). Amphoteric-cationic modified magnetic bentonite (BS-CT-MBT) and amphoteric-anionic modified magnetic bentonite (BS-SDS-MBT) are obtained. Structural identification of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The carbon-nitrogen content, specific surface area, and pore volume were also evaluated. Batch isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption of phenol. The results show that BS-CT-MBT and BS-SDS-MBT can be separated by magnetic separation. The carbon content-nitrogen content and content of surfactants of the BS-CT-MBT increase, while surface area and pore volume decrease compared to those of BS-MBT. Compared with BS-MBT, the carbon-nitrogen content, content of surfactants, and pore volume of BS-SDS-MBT are decreasing and surface area is increasing. The desorption rate of the surfactants is less than 9% at pH 6.0 and in 0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl solution. The Henry equation is the optimal description for the phenol sorption isotherms, implying a partitioning sorption process. The amount of phenol sorption follows the order:BS-CT-MBT > BS-MBT > BS-SDS-MBT > BT > MBT, which significantly correlates with the variation of the content of surfactant. Amphoteric magnetic bentonites modified by CTMAB have better absorption performance for phenol than those modified by SDS.

[Comparison of Amphoteric-Cationic and Amphoteric-Anionic Modified Magnetic Bentonites:Characterization and Sorption Capacity of Phenol].

A novel type of adsorptive material,HDTMA-AET-NMB,was prepared by modifying bentonite with both hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB) and β-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (AET). The modified bentonite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),thermoanalysis (TG-DTA),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),and N2-BET measurement. The results indicated that the surface property and structure of HDTMA-AET-NMB were altered significantly from the original bentonite. The performance of this sorbent was studied and HDTMA-AET-NMB could sorb p-nitrophenol (PNP) and Cd2+ simultaneously from the mixed solution. Cadmium adsorption was dominated by the formation of complexes between Cd2+ and AET in the interlayer of the modified bentonite,while p-nitrophenol sorption was controlled by a partition process into the derived organic medium created by the long-chain alkyls of HDTMA. Because of its hybrid properties,the modified bentonite has potential application in treating wastewaters containing both heavy metals and toxic organic compounds.

The performance of the HDTMA-AET modified bentonite as a sorbent for Cd and p-nitrophenol

To understand the influence of sodium-modification pretreatment on the adsorption of anionic dye by amphoteric modified bentonite, three kinds of adsorbent materials, including sodiummodified bentonite, amphoteric modified calcium-based bentonite and amphoteric modified bentonite pretreated by sodium modification, were firstly synthesized and characterized, and afterwards their adsorption performance and mechanism for a form of anionic dye, Acid Yellow 11, were investigated comparatively. The crystalline phases, hydration property, surface charge characteristic and functional groups of prepared modified bentonite were characterized and evaluated by X-ray diffraction swelling volume, Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The sodium modification expanded the interlayer space of montmorillonite, released the internal surface area and improved the hydration performance of bentonite. Due to the replacement of Na+ for Ca2+, the probability of interlayer cations overflowing from the interlayer space and exchanging with the amphoteric modifier increases. Therefore, the content of interlaminar organic material in amphoteric modified bentonite pretreated with sodium-modification pretreatment was higher than that in unpretreated amphoteric modified bentonite. The hydration and dispersibility were significantly stronger, and the adsorption capacity of acid dye was also better. The findings of this investigation suggest that sodium modification pretreatment is very positive and necessary in the process from sodium–amphoteric modification.

http://www.journalssystem.com/ppmp/pdf-127920-55374?filename=Preparation of amphoteric.pdf

Preparation of amphoteric modified bentonite from calcium-based bentonite for adsorption of anionic dye: The importance of sodium-modification pretreatment

The invention discloses a dehydration process for bentonite inorganic gel and equipment thereof, and the process comprises the following steps: putting bentonite inorganic gel slurry into a dehydratorformed by filling or forming a dehydrating agent on the side wall of a slurry pool, and applying a shearing force to the bentonite inorganic gel slurry to obtain pre-dehydrated bentonite inorganic gel; and carrying out spray drying on the bentonite inorganic gel subjected to pre-dehydration to obtain a bentonite inorganic gel finished product. The dehydration process provided by the invention caneffectively realize dehydration of bentonite inorganic gel, improves the drying operation efficiency, reduces the drying cost, is simple in process and simple and convenient to operate, and can create greater economic benefits for production; the pulp pool of the dehydrator provided by the invention is formed by filling or molding the non-metal ore with strong water absorption, and dehydration iscarried out on the bentonite inorganic gel pulp while shearing force is applied to the bentonite inorganic gel pulp, so that interlayer water molecules of the bentonite inorganic gel pulp get rid ofthe constraint of an interlayer domain and are adsorbed into the pulp pool, and the technical problem of dehydration of bentonite inorganic gel is solved.

Dehydration process for bentonite inorganic gel and equipment thereof

The invention discloses a dehydration process and apparatus for montmorillonite organic gel. The process comprises the following steps: carrying out pre-dehydration treatment on the montmorillonite organic gel via a dehydrating agent so as to obtain pre-dehydrated montmorillonite organic gel; and carrying out spray drying treatment on the pre-dehydrated montmorillonite organic gel to obtain finished montmorillonite organic gel. According to the dehydration process, on the premise that the quality of montmorillonite organic gel products is not affected, the production energy consumption of themontmorillonite organic gel products can be greatly reduced, the production efficiency of spray drying operation is improved, and cost is reduced; and the dehydrating agent provided by the invention improves contact between the dehydrating agent in a bushing and the montmorillonite organic gel, so dehydration efficiency is further improved. The dehydration apparatus is high in dehydration efficiency and low in energy consumption, the dehydrating agent can be dried by utilizing flue gas waste heat generated by spray drying, and repeated utilization of the dehydrating agent is realized.

Dehydration process and apparatus for montmorillonite organic gel

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Preparation of amphoteric modified bentonite from calcium-based bentonite for adsorption of anionic dye: The importance of sodium-modification pretreatment

Dehydration process for bentonite inorganic gel and equipment thereof

Dehydration process and apparatus for montmorillonite organic gel