Carbon neutrality calls for renewable energies, and the efficient use of renewable energies requires energy storage mediums that enable the storage of excess energy and reuse after spatiotemporal reallocation. Compared with traditional energy storage technologies, mobile energy storage technologies have the merits of low cost and high energy conversion efficiency, can be flexibly located, and cover a large range from miniature to large systems and from high energy density to high power density, although most of them still face challenges or technical bottlenecks. In this review, we provide an overview of the opportunities and challenges of these emerging energy storage technologies (including rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical and dielectric capacitors). Innovative materials, strategies, and technologies are highlighted. Finally, the future directions are envisioned. We hope this review will advance the development of mobile energy storage technologies and boost carbon neutrality. 

Mobile energy storage technologies for boosting carbon neutrality

Contrastive manipulations on vertical stratifications by a fluorescent guest component in ternary nonfullerene and fullerene organic solar cells

Two new star-shaped perylene diimide (PDI)-based small-molecule acceptors denoted as BDP-3PDI and BDP-4PDI with BODIPY derivatives as the core and PDI units as peripheral groups were designed and successfully synthesized, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied. When paired with a compatible D–A polymer donor P(BTT-DPP), the polymer solar cells based on the bulk heterojunction active layer attained power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of about 10.97 and 13.94% for BDP-3PDI and BDP-4PDI, respectively. The higher value of PCE for BDP-4PDI is mainly owing to the enhanced values of the fill factor and short circuit current as compared to BDP-3PDI and related to the more balanced charge transport and blocked charge recombination owing to the appropriate phase separation in the P(BTT-DPP):BDP-4PDI active layer as compared to P(BTT-DPP):BDP-3PDI. 

Alkynyl BODIPY-Core Bridged Perylene Diimide Star-Shaped Nonfullerene Acceptors for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

Molecular photoswitches are highly desirable in all chemistry-related areas of research. They provide effective outside control over geometric and electronic changes at the nanoscale using an easy to apply, waste-free stimulus. However, simple and effective access to such molecular tools is typically not granted, and elaborate syntheses and substitution schemes are needed in order to obtain efficient photoswitching properties. Here we present a series of rhodanine-based photoswitches that can be prepared in one simple synthetic step without requiring elaborate purification. Photoswitching is induced by UV and visible light in both switching directions, and thermal stabilities of the metastable states as well as quantum yields are very high. An additional benefit is the hydrogen-bonding capacity of the rhodanine fragment, which enables applications in supramolecular or medicinal chemistry. We further show that the known rhodanine-based inhibitor SMI-16a is a photoswitchable apoptosis inducer. The biological activity of SMI-16a can effectively be switched ON or OFF by reversible photoisomerization between the inactive E and the active Z isomer. Rhodanine-based photoswitches therefore represent an easy to access and highly valuable molecular toolbox for implementing light responsiveness to the breadth of functional molecular systems.

Rhodanine-Based Chromophores: Fast Access to Capable Photoswitches and Application in Light-Induced Apoptosis.

Massively fabricating graphene with high density and high ion conductivity is critical but challenging for large-scale compact capacitive energy storage with high energy and power densities. Here, we demonstrate an efficient, kilogram-scale method for fabricating dense, turbostratic graphene by turbulent flow and isotropic capillary compression at violent boiling temperature, successfully resolving the trade-off between high density and high ion conductivity, as well as scale producing. Turbostratic graphene exhibits 5.4× enhanced ion conductivity, high density of up to 1.12 g cm−3, and volumetric capacitance of 234 F cm−3. Stack cells deliver an energy density of 83.2 Wh L−1 and power density of 14 kW L−1, a milestone in capacitive energy storage. Moreover, orientation and porosity of turbostratic graphene can be tuned by precursors, demonstrating flexibility and viability for diverse applications. Furthermore, all-solid-state pouch cells are fabricated using ionic gel electrolyte, exhibiting multiple optional outputs and being leakage free at bending and folding states. 

Scalable fabrication of turbostratic graphene with high density and high ion conductivity for compact capacitive energy storage

Developing efficient polymer donor materials to well-match with acceptors affords continuous contributions to the eminent progress of polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a new series of terpolymer donors is developed by embedding electron-deficient boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as the third monomer into the backbone of the benchmark copolymer PTB7-Th. Terpolymers afford less-rigid planarity, ascensive light-harvest ability, down-shifted HOMO levels and modified aggregation properties. Compared with copolymer PTB7-Th, synchronously improved photovoltaic performance is realized by employing terpolymers as electron donors both for fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors, with the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhanced from 8.78% to 9.52% for PC71BM- and from 8.79% to 10.05% for IEICO-4F-based devices, respectively. Interestingly, it is found that in terpolymer:fullerene blends, favorable light-harvesting contributes to boosted PCE. Additionally, for PSCs based on nonfullerene acceptors, improved photovoltaic performance is mainly ascribed to the modified morphology by a terpolymer approach. Our results not only confirm the advantages of BODIPY units in constructing efficient terpolymers, but also illuminate the unique virtues of the terpolymer strategy in synergistical optimization of the photovoltaic parameters to contribute to both efficient fullerene- and nonfullerene-PSCs.

BODIPY-modified terpolymer donors for efficient fullerene- and nonfullerene-polymer solar cells

A novel acceptor–donor–acceptor type molecule, namely 2-triphenylamine-1,3-dia[2-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile] (2RDNTPA), is designed and synthesized. 2RDNTPA exhibits a large Stokes shift of 244 nm and red fluorescence emission of 629 nm with a decent photoluminescence quantum yield of 13%. Furthermore, as a potential red fluorescent dye, 2RDNTPA can be applied in fluorescence imaging of living cancer cells (HepG2) with negligible cytotoxicity and a half maximal inhibitory concentration much more than 100 μM.

/pdf/design-synthesis-and-application-in-biological-imaging-of-a-f4pmqcrca8.pdf

Design, synthesis and application in biological imaging of a novel red fluorescent dye based on a rhodanine derivative

Effectively enhancing the open-circuit voltage via chlorinated substitution in DPP-based polymer donor for polymer solar cells

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BODIPY-modified terpolymer donors for efficient fullerene- and nonfullerene-polymer solar cells

Design, synthesis and application in biological imaging of a novel red fluorescent dye based on a rhodanine derivative

Effectively enhancing the open-circuit voltage via chlorinated substitution in DPP-based polymer donor for polymer solar cells