The insufficient molecular weight of linear poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) leads to poor foamability and mechanical performance of foams, which seriously restricts the industrial application of PBAT as foam materials. Herein, biobased itaconic anhydride was grafted onto PBAT backbone, and then epoxidized soybean oil was added to obtain a dynamic cross-linked network based on Zn(II)-catalyzed transesterification. The rheology results showed that the storage modulus and viscosity of the PBAT vitrimers increased obviously, exhibiting a viscous liquid-like to elastic solid-like transition behavior with increasing cross-linked degrees. Reversible cleavage of the cross-links and reformation of the integrated cross-linked network through rebonding of the dynamic bonds were observed under shears of alternative large- and low-amplitude oscillations, endowing PBAT vitrimers with fluidity and elasticity during processing. PBAT vitrimers exhibited strain-hardening behavior in an extensional flow and could be foamed by supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. The lightweight foam could show an expansion ratio of up to 26.7-fold and a density of 0.045 g/cm3. On coupling the cell structure and mechanical properties contributed by the dynamic cross-linked network, the foams showed enhanced elasticity, specific compressive strength, and damping properties. The strategy of altering the viscoelasticity and mechanical properties of PBAT simultaneously by a dynamic cross-linking network provides a new approach toward obtaining high-performance PBAT foams. 

Dynamic Cross-linked Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) for High-Performance Green Foam

Fully bio-based epoxy vitrimers have been explored for sustainable industrial development and environmental conservation. However, the manufacture of fully bio-based epoxy vitrimers with high mechanical properties and thermostability remains a challenge. Here, for the first time, a novel strategy to fabricate natural peach gum-based epoxy vitrimers with the superior mechanical properties and thermostability comparable to commercial epoxy resin is provided by using peach gum and itaconic acid. The strategy includes the synthesis of peach gum polysaccharide with terminal carboxyl (PGP-COOH) and itaconic acid derivative with terminal epoxy (EIA). Fully bio-based epoxy networks with dynamic β-hydroxy ester bonds (PGE) were obtained by a reaction between PGP-COOH and EIA and the structures of PGE were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The mechanical properties and thermostability of PGE networks were studied by tensile testing and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Additionally, the self-healing, physical reprocessing and chemical recycling performances of PGE networks were evaluated. Finally, PGE is applied in recycled adhesion for different substrates. This work demonstrates that the PGE networks possess comparable mechanical properties and thermostability to the commercial epoxy resin. This study gives a novel approach to prepare fully bio-based epoxy thermosets with high performances. 

Construction of robust and fully bio-based epoxy vitrimers with facile malleability, self-healing ability, and recyclability from peach gum polysaccharide and itaconic acid

In this first-of-its-kind report, we present a breakthrough in the field of self-healing rubber for tire applications, aiming to address sustainability concerns and enhance mechanical performance. By leveraging the principles of reversible association of polymer chains with available ionic stickers and the abundant natural resources of natural rubber, we have developed a novel sacrificial network concept that imparts excellent self-healing properties to the natural rubber. In the presence of 1,2-dimethylimidazole, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was reacted with various dicarboxylic acids of different chain lengths from two to twelve carbon atoms. It was found that ENR was crosslinked to a considerable extent by this treatment and exhibited remarkable mechanical and dynamic mechanical performance. The long-chain dicarboxylic acid was found to be more effective than its short-chain variant in developing a crosslinked structure. As evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, apart from ester and ether linkages, the crosslinked network structure between the rubber chains was found to be primarily attributed to the formation of ionic groups. Through careful material design and optimization, we have achieved a tensile strength of up to 30 MPa with self-healing capacity of the material meeting the stringent requirements of tire applications. The reversible network structure and its stability were supported by temperature scanning-stress relaxation (TSSR) studies, dynamic mechanical analysis, and Kelvin probe force microscopy studies. By utilizing natural rubber as the base material, our approach contributes to sustainability efforts by reducing the dependence on synthetic polymers and promoting the use of renewable resources. 

Design of sacrificial network in modified natural rubber leads to strikingly improved mechanical performance with self-healing capability

Reinforcement and cross-linking are two critical issues in the rubber industry. However, carbon black (CB) as the most dominant reinforcing filler is derived from fossil resource-derived chemicals. And, currently adopted...

Facile Strategy to Achieve Vitrimer-Like Elastomer Composites with Lignin as a Renewable Bio-Filler toward Excellent Reinforcement and Recyclability

A simple and facile method to prepare fully biobased epoxy elastomers with a high toughness is still a big challenge. In this study, a series of fully biobased epoxy elastomers were prepared by curing different epoxidized plant oils with a biobased diamine Priamine 1074. The curing behavior and catalytic process of these biobased epoxy elastomers was systematically studied. The effects of the different numbers of epoxy groups of these epoxidized plant oils and the equivalent ratios of amine and epoxy groups on the performance (thermal stability, mechanical properties, etc.) of the epoxy elastomers were studied and discussed. Furthermore, the potential of these epoxy elastomers as wearable flexible sensors was explored. It is found that ring opening polymerization and ester aminolysis reaction between amine groups of diamines and ester groups of epoxidized plant oils simultaneously occurred during the curing process. The properties, (thermal stability, thermophysical and mechanical properties, etc.) of these epoxidized plant oils could be tailored by selecting epoxidized plant oils with different numbers of epoxy groups and controlling equivalent ratios of amine and epoxy groups. The maximum elongation at break of the epoxy elastomers could reach up to 338.58%. After spray coating with Ag nanowires, these epoxy resins demonstrated excellent detection of motion signals at various joints and other regions of the body. Combining with the results of not being cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, the epoxy elastomers reported in this study are expected to be applied in the field of wearable flexible sensors. 

Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Biobased Epoxy Elastomers Prepared from Different Plant Oils

Green and Catalyst-Free Cross-Linking of Bio-Based Elastomers toward Robust, Reprocessable Abilities and Improved Thermal Aging Resistance Enabled by β-Hydroxyl Esters

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101362

poly(I:C) synergizes with proteasome inhibitors to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells

At the end of the year 2019, all human beings experienced an unprecedented challenge. COVID-19, born in nowhere, has spread worldwide with a beast-like momentum. Surprisingly, scientists broke the record by creating vaccines within the shortest time after the pandemic was declared. Vaccines, commonly known to be an effective approach, not only offer great prevention to an individual but also promote the formation of herd immunity. However, people doubting the efficacy of vaccines hold divergent views toward vaccines made in a rush. In this essay, multiple types of vaccines are introduced, and numerous factors of hesitancy, including economy, education, and religiosity, are taken a closer look at. Following a grand view of worldwide research regarding vaccine efficacy, a specific recommendation, establishing trust publicly, is proposed as well.

Factors Causing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, A Global Perspective

In this study, a new biosorbent was prepared from sugarcane bagasse and polyethylenimine (MSCP). The effects of preparation parameters, including the polyethylenimine (PEI) concentration, the glutaraldehyde concentration, the reaction temperature, and ball milling time on the adsorption property of MSCP were studied. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the PEI concentration was 20%, the glutaraldehyde concentration was 2.0%, the reaction temperature was 318.15 K, and the ball milling time was 20 min. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the removal efficiency of Cu 2+ by MSCP was reached 93.3%. The physical and chemical properties of MSCP were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis. The SEM micrographs revealed that surface morphol- ogy of MSCP was rough, with many irregular folds and small particles. The FTIR and elemental analysis results indicated PEI was successfully grafted to the surface of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SC) with glutaraldehyde as a bridge and the adsorption mechanism of heavy metals by MSCP can be regarded as the complexation between heavy metals and –NH 2 groups of MSCP. Langmuir model showed the best fitting to the isotherm equilibrium data, the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ were 114.02, 165.56 and 95.79 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption experimental data were fitted well by pseudo-second-order. In multi-solute system, the competitive adsorption ability of heavy metals by MSCP followed the order of Pb 2+ > Cu 2+ > Zn 2+ .

/pdf/synthesis-of-polyethylenimine-modified-sugarcane-bagasse-1b588bax.pdf

Synthesis of polyethylenimine modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose and its competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions

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Green and Catalyst-Free Cross-Linking of Bio-Based Elastomers toward Robust, Reprocessable Abilities and Improved Thermal Aging Resistance Enabled by β-Hydroxyl Esters

poly(I:C) synergizes with proteasome inhibitors to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells

Factors Causing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, A Global Perspective

Synthesis of polyethylenimine modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose and its competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions