Metabolism is the sum of the enzyme-dependent chemical reactions, which produces energy in catabolic process and synthesizes biomass in anabolic process, exhibiting high similarity in mammalian cell, microbial cell, and plant cell. Consequently, the loss or gain of metabolic enzyme activity will greatly affect cellular metabolism. Nanozymes, as emerging enzyme mimics with diverse functions and adjustable catalytic activities, has shown attractive potential for metabolic regulation. Although the basic metabolic tasks are highly similar for the cells from different species, the concrete metabolic pathway varies with the intracellular structure of different species. In this review, we describe the basic metabolism in living organisms and discuss the similarities and differences in the metabolic pathways among mammalian, microbial and plant cells and the regulation mechanism. We then systematically review the recent progress on regulation of cellular metabolism mainly including nutrients uptake and utilization, energy production and the accompanied redox reactions by different kinds of oxidoreductases and their applications in the field of disease therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of nanozymes in regulating cell metabolism are also discussed, which will broaden their application scenarios. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Nanozyme-Based Regulation of Cellular Metabolism and their Applications.

Molybdenum disulfide (nano-MoS2) nanomaterials have shown great potential for biomedical and catalytic applications due to their unique enzyme-mimicking properties. However, their potential agricultural applications have been largely unexplored. A key factor prior to the application of nano-MoS2 in agriculture is understanding its behavior in a complex soil–plant system, particularly in terms of its transformation. Here, we investigate the distribution and transformation of two types of nano-MoS2 (MoS2 nanoparticles and MoS2 nanosheets) in a soil–soybean system through a combination of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). We found that MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) transform dynamically in soil and plant tissues, releasing molybdenum (Mo) and sulfur (S) that can be incorporated gradually into the key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism and the antioxidant system, while the rest remain intact and act as nanozymes. Notably, there is 247.9 mg/kg of organic Mo in the nodule, while there is only 49.9 mg/kg of MoS2 NPs. This study demonstrates that it is the transformation that leads to the multifunctionality of MoS2, which can improve the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and growth. Therefore, MoS2 NPs enable a 30% increase in yield compared to the traditional molybdenum fertilizer (Na2MoO4). Excessive transformation of MoS2 nanosheets (NS) leads to the overaccumulation of Mo and sulfate in the plant, which damages the nodule function and yield. The study highlights the importance of understanding the transformation of nanomaterials for agricultural applications in future studies.

Dynamic Transformation of Nano-MoS2 in a Soil–Plant System Empowers Its Multifunctionality on Soybean Growth

Non-point source pollution caused by soil nitrogen loss due to high input of nitrogen and low use efficiency is a major challenge facing the agricultural industry. Nanotechnology presents promising opportunities to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency and mitigate nitrogen non-point source pollution. This review paper examines the potential benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture, specifically with regards to the agricultural nitrogen cycling. Nitrogen fertilizers in nanoform may slowly and consistently release nutrients to provide accurate doses for crops. The combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology potentially can to improve the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume plants, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Nanomaterials with unique properties can regulate nitrogen transformation, reducing emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia, as well as minimizing nitrogen leaching and runoff losses by adsorbing available nitrogen or changing soil physical and chemical properties. Nonetheless, concerns about nano-safety have also been raised, as certain nanomaterials may endanger the survival of microorganisms and disrupt the legume-rhizobium symbiotic system. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential widespread application of nanotechnology in agriculture, whilst highlighting potential safety concerns, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the future development of nano-based green agriculture. 

Nano-agriculture and nitrogen cycling: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable farming

The environmental impact from the waste disposal has been widely concerned around the world. The conversion of wastes to useful resources is important for the sustainable society. As a typical family of wastes, biomass materials basically composed of collagen, protein and lignin, are considered as useful resources for recycle and reuse. In recent years, the development of carbon material derived from biomasses, such as plants, crops, animals and their application in electrochemical energy storage have attracted extensive attention. Through the selection of the appropriate biomass, the optimization of the activation method and the control of the pyrolysis temperatures, carbon materials with desired features, such as high-specific surface area, variable porous framework, and controllable heteroatom-doping have been fabricated. Herein, this review summarized the preparation methods, morphologies, heteroatoms doping in the plant/animal-derived carbonaceous materials, and their application as electrode materials for secondary batteries and supercapacitors, and as electrode support for lithium-sulfur batteries. The challenges and prospects for the controllable synthesis and large-scale application of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials have also been outlooked.

Biomass-derived carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage.

For the first time, a configurable NbOx memristor is achieved that can be configured as an artificial synapse or neuron after fabrication by controlling the forming compliance current (FCC). When the FCC ≤ 2 mA, the memristors exhibit the resistive‐switching (RS) property, enabling multiple types of synaptic plasticity, including short‐term potentiation, paired‐pulse facilitation, short‐term memory, and long‐term memory. When the FCC ≥ 3 mA, the memristors can be electroformed and exhibit the threshold switching (TS) property with excellent endurance (>1012), thus achieving various biological neuron characteristics, such as threshold‐triggering, strength‐modulation of spike frequency, and leaky integrate‐and‐fire. This enables the successful implementation of a spiking Pavlov's dog that employs the spikes as information carrier by connecting an RS NbOx memristor as artificial synapse and a TS memristor as artificial neuron in series. Furthermore, a fully NbOx memristors‐based single‐layer spiking neural network is simulated. It is first found that, due to the forgetting property of synapse, the recognition accuracy for the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology handwritten digits is increased from 85.49% to 91.45%. This study provides a solid foundation for the development of neuromorphic machines based on the principles of the human brain.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aelm.202300018

Configurable NbOx Memristors as Artificial Synapses or Neurons Achieved by Regulating the Forming Compliance Current for the Spiking Neural Network

Biological nitrogen fixation is an important part of the global nitrogen cycle. It provides more than half of the nitrogen in the biosphere. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that can be used for plant growth. In this study, we describe the synthesis of a biofriendly nanocomposite (FeMo QDs@GSH) with peroxidase-like activity to perform more efficient nitrogen fixation. The nanocomposite is co-incubated with a symbiotic nitrogen fixation system. When nodules are exposed to FeMo QDs@GSH concentrations greater than 250 mg L–1 at pH 7.0, nitrogenase activity is enhanced, with a maximum increase of 97.31% at 1000 mg L–1. When Azotobacter chroococcum is exposed to FeMo QDs@GSH with a pH of 9.0, there is a smaller increase of 22.89% at 100 mg L–1. At pH 7.0, FeMo QDs@GSH at 100 and 1000 mg L–1 reduced ROS by 21.02 and 32.77%, respectively. Finally, we have shown that the nanocomposite enters symbiotic tissue cells to perform its antioxidative stress function. 

Iron–Molybdenum Quantum Dots for Enhancing the Nitrogenase Activity of Nodules

Nitrogen-doped Cotton Stalk Porous Carbon Composite as Anode Material for Lithium-ion battery

Huge hysteresis is demonstrated in measuring current–voltage characteristics of polycarbazole sorted SWCNT-TFT. Through comparative electrical characterizations, by varying sweep rate and temperatu...

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsaem.0c01922

Electro-chemiresistive Functionalization of SWCNT-TFT by PCz and Its “Electronic Hourglass” Application with Zero-Static Power Consumption

PCz sorted SWCNTs-TFT “Electronic Hourglass” and its Recovery Behavior

Utilizing an SWCNT-TFT “Electronic Hourglass” for Artificial Synapse Application

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