Microplastics (MPs) have been found in virtually every environment on earth and become a source of pollution around the world. The toxicology of microplastics on immunity is an emerging area of research, and more studies are needed to fully understand the effects of microplastics exposure on animal health. Therefore, we tried to determine the immunotoxic effects of microplastics on avian spleen by using an animal model- Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). One-week chicks were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.02 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg polystyrene microplastics in the feed for 5 weeks. The results demonstrated that microplastics induced microstructural injuries featured by cell disarrangement and vacuolation indicating splenic inflammation. Ultrastructural damages including membrane lysis and mitochondrial vacuolation also suggested inflammatory responses in the spleen by microplastics exposure. Meanwhile, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) while the inactivation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) indicated oxidative stress in the spleen. Moreover, the increasing level of proinflammatory cytokines including Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreasing level of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) implied splenic inflammation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis showed that microplastics induced inflammatory responses in the spleen through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) pathway activation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling stimulation. The signaling stimulation also aggravated cell apoptosis in the spleen. The present study may benefit to understand potential mechanisms of developmental immunotoxicology of microplastics. 

Microplastics induced inflammation in the spleen of developmental Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) via ROS-mediated p38 MAPK and TNF signaling pathway activation1.

Developing dielectric capacitors with both a high power density and a high energy density for application in power electronics has been a long-standing challenge. Glass-ceramics offer the potential of retaining the high relative permittivity of ceramics and at the same time of exhibiting the high dielectric breakdown strength and fast charge/discharge rate of glasses, thus producing concurrently high power and energy densities in a single material. In this work, glass-ceramics are fabricated to achieve simultaneously high power and energy densities, high efficiency, and thermal stability by tuning the glass crystallization process via a suitable nucleating agent and a high oxygen partial pressure. Under the same practical charge-discharge test conditions, the as-prepared glass-ceramics combine the high energy density of ceramics and ultrafast discharge rate of glasses, producing the highest power density among glass- and ceramic-based dielectric materials. This work demonstrates the significant potential of achieving both high power and energy densities in glass-ceramics by optimizing the glass crystallization process.

Glass-Ceramic Capacitors with Simultaneously High Power and Energy Densities under Practical Charge-Discharge Conditions.

A series of Dy3+ doped niobiosilicate luminescent glasses have been prepared by high temperature melting using the chemical composition of 35SiO2–35Nb2O5–10Na2O–20K2O-xDy2O3 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mol%). Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DCS) show that the glass matrix has good thermal stability. Presence of [SiO4] and [NbO6] structural units in the glass was confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectral analyses. Results of UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra show that Dy3+ doped optical glass can be excited by ultraviolet light, and the transmittance curve displays the high transmittance of the glass. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis reveals that there are three emission peaks: 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 (blue light), 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 (yellow light), and 4F9/2 → 6H11/2 (red light); the highest intensity of the samples is obtained at x = 0.8 mol%, and the variable temperature emission spectrum shows that the emission intensity at 423 K remains above 78.85 % that of room temperature. The CIE chrominance coordinate diagram determines that the chrominance coordinate value is close to the standard white light, the correlation color temperature calculation proves that it is located in the cold white light region. The decay curve can be fitted with the double exponential attenuation equation. The above results show that Dy3+ doped niobiosilicate glass has the potential to be used as W-LED material. 

Structural and luminescence properties of Dy3+ activated niobiosilicate glass with high thermal stability for W-LED application

Along with the demand for further miniaturization of high and pulsed power devices, it becomes more and more important to realize ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) with high energy storage efficiency (η) and ultrahigh discharge energy storage density (Wd) accompanied by high power density (Pd) in dielectrics. To date, it remains, however, a big challenge to achieve high Wrec or Wd in glass ceramics compared to other dielectric energy storage materials. Herein, a strategy of defect formation modulation is applied to form “amorphous‐disordered‐ordered” microstructure in BaTiO3‐based glass ceramics so as to achieve a high Wrec of 12.04 J cm−3 with a high η of 81.1% and an ultrahigh Wd of 11.98 J cm−3 with a superb Pd of 973 MW cm−3. This work demonstrates a feasible route to obtain glass ceramics with an outstanding energy storage performance and proves the enormous potential of glass ceramics in high and pulsed power applications.

Boosting Energy Storage Performance of Glass Ceramics via Modulating Defect Formation During Crystallization

Polymer dielectric composites are extensively used in modern electronic devices because of their extremely high power density. However, unfavorable coupling between breakdown strength and dielectric permittivity can make achieving high energy density a challenge. In this study, reduced graphene oxide @ barium titanate (RGO@BTO) hybrid nanosheets have been fabricated and utilized as fillers in the design of RGO@BTO/P(VDF-HFP) single-layer films. An increase in permittivity to 24.8@10 kHz, i.e., equivalent to 253% of the P(VDF-HFP) (∼9.8@10 kHz) matrix, has been achieved with only 1 wt % RGO@BTO nanofillers due to the formation of microcapacitors. Furthermore, the RGO@BTO/P(VDF-HFP) film is hot-pressed with a PEI film and a P(VDF-HFP) film, forming a trilayer structure. Consequently, this trilayer film displays a high breakdown strength of 478 kV/mm, a high energy density of 8.25 J/cm3, and a satisfactory efficiency of 64.3%. Thus, this study provides an efficient route for designing polymer composites that combine high energy density with high permittivity. 

Improved Dielectric Permittivity and Energy Density of Layered Polymer Composites through the Incorporation of Ultralow Amounts of RGO@BTO Hybrid Nanosheets

High discharge power density and energy density are the key to the application of dielectric capacitors in pulsed power systems. Glass ceramics, exhibiting the high dielectric breakdown strength and fast...

Achieving ultrahigh discharge energy and power density in niobate-based glass ceramics via A-site substituting modulation during crystallization

Lead induced thymic immunosuppression in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) via oxidative stress-based T cell receptor pathway signaling inhibition.

Discovery of β-cyclocitral-derived mono-carbonyl curcumin analogs as anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents via suppression of MAPK signaling pathway.

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Achieving ultrahigh discharge energy and power density in niobate-based glass ceramics via A-site substituting modulation during crystallization

Lead induced thymic immunosuppression in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) via oxidative stress-based T cell receptor pathway signaling inhibition.

Discovery of β-cyclocitral-derived mono-carbonyl curcumin analogs as anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents via suppression of MAPK signaling pathway.