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Advances in Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor Structures: From Conventional to Novel and Emerging

A dual-mode optical fiber sensor for SERS and fluorescence detection in liquid.

Sulfadimethoxine antibiotics (SDM) are commonly used in aquatic foods to inhibit bacteria, but their residues in aquatic food pose certain risks to public health. Herein, we developed a systematic portable biosensing platform for SDM, which comprised a dual-mode three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic chip (3D-μPAD), a dual-light portable device, and a smartphone application for obtaining results. The detection principle of the dual-mode 3D-μPAD was based on the aggregation of Ag NPs without the protection of aptamers and the inner filter effect (IFE) between Mg, N-CDs and Ag NPs. With the addition of SDM, the significant change of two signals can be sensitively recognized in the portable device and calculated by a self-developed mini program in the smartphone to obtain the detection results. Under optimal conditions, SDM was sensitively detected in the range of 10-1000 ng/mL with an estimated limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 ng/mL and 0.21 ng/mL in fluorescence and colorimetric modes, respectively. Moreover, this platform was successfully applied to determine SDM in fish with recoveries of 96.7%-113.6% and 98.2%-105.1%, respectively. This method has the advantages of low detection cost, low reagent consumption, and unlimited instruments and operators, which better fulfills the point-of-care needs of hazards analysis in food. 

A novel colorimetric and fluorescent dual-mode 3D paper-based microfluidic aptasensor for the point-of-care detection of sulfadimethoxine

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technology is a fast and highly sensitive optical detection technique for trace detection in food testing and has been developing rapidly. Meanwhile, the application of dual-mode detection technology in food safety is also maturing, where the combination of two sensing modes not only compensates for the shortcomings of a single sensing mode, but also significantly reduces the possibility of false positives and has a lower detection limit. Therefore, it is important to combine SERS with other detection techniques for rapid, accurate and portable detection in food safety. This paper describes the progress in the construction of SERS-based dual-mode biosensing technology in recent years and discusses the prospect of its application in the field of food safety. Firstly, it introduces the classification and working principle of SERS-based dual-mode sensing; then it systematically summarizes the latest progress of the application of SERS-based dual-mode sensing detection technology, such as the detection of pathogenic bacteria, biotoxins, drug residues, etc. Also, some of the material choices for constructing SERS dual-mode sensors are summarized. In addition, future opportunities and challenges are presented. Emerging SERS-based dual-mode detection technologies show great potential for monitoring harmful substances in food. A part of SERS dual-mode sensor is very promising for rapid detection of food contaminants in the field. At the same time, some emerging materials can be used for SERS substrates. In addition, some technologies can provide a better platform for partial SERS dual-mode sensors to achieve food detection. 

Research progress of dual-mode sensing technology strategy based on SERS and its application in the detection of harmful substances in foods

This review introduces a micro-integrated device of microfluidics and fiber-optic sensors for on-site detection, which can detect certain or several specific components or their amounts in different samples within a relatively short time. Fiber-optics with micron core diameters can be easily coated and functionalized, thus allowing sensors to be integrated with microfluidics to separate, enrich, and measure samples in a micro-device. Compared to traditional laboratory equipment, this integrated device exhibits natural advantages in size, speed, cost, portability, and operability, making it more suitable for on-site detection. In this review, the various optical detection methods used in this integrated device are introduced, including Raman, ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, and surface plasmon resonance detections. It also provides a detailed overview of the on-site detection applications of this integrated device for biological analysis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Lastly, this review addresses the prospects for the future development of microfluidics integrated with fiber-optic sensors.

Recent Progress on Microfluidics Integrated with Fiber-Optic Sensors for On-Site Detection

Ethanol is an important material in for chemical, pharmaceutical or food industry. But ethanol gas in the air induces health danger and explosion risk. Therefore, the concentration of ethanol gas must be monitored. In this paper, an optical fiber device for ethanol gas detection is demonstrated. Glycerol aqueous solution is taken as the ethanol absorbent, a Teflon capillary is used as the gas permeable cell and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor is employed as the receiver. When ethanol gas permeates into the capillary and be absorbed by the absorbent, the refractive index of the absorbent is modulated and then detected by the SPR sensor. With this principle, sensing devices were fabricated and tested. Within the range of 0–7534 ppm, the limit of detection (LOD) is obtained as 38.31 ppm. In cycle test, the excellent reusability, repeatability and durability are testified. In addition, with the large detectable range and low cost, the proposed device may realize wide applications in industrial process. 

A reusable optical fiber sensor for ethanol gas detection with a large concentration range

An ultra-sensitive microfluid device for detecting aggregation of induced emission molecules is proposed and demonstrated. The minimum detectable concentration is greatly reduced by use of a micromachined fiber tip and a liquid core waveguide. The fiber tip is a tapered-microlens structure with optimized shape parameters. The liquid waveguide is formed with low refractive index Teflon capillary. The dependence of photoluminescence intensity on the concentration change is tested with the device. The limit of detection is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.316 \boldsymbol {\mu }\text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the volume of the sample solution used is only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.649 \boldsymbol {\mu }\text{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the minimum detectable concentration is down to 100 nM. It is a valuable result obtained with fiber spectrometer (a CCD-type machine), better than that obtained with traditional fluorospectro photometer (a photomultiplier tubes-type one). The reversibility and stability are also testified through experimental method. Together with the compact size, small sample volume and high sensitivity, the durable microfluidic sensing device has great potential for biosensing applications.

A Microfluid Fiber Device for Trace Detection of Aggregation Induced Emission Molecules

Plasmonic tweezers are an emerging research topic because of their low input power and wide operating range from homogeneous particles to complex biological objects. But it is still challenging for plasmonic tweezers to trap or manipulate objects of tens of microns, especially in biological science. This study introduces a new 3D biocompatible plasmonic tweezer for single living cell manipulation in solution. The key design is a tapered tip whose three‐layer surface structure consists of nanoprobe, gold nanofilm, and thermosensitive hydrogel, thiolated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide). Incident light excites the surface plasmon polaritons on gold film and generates heat to induce thermally driven phase transition of the thermosensitive hydrogel, which enables reversible binding between functionalized surface and cell membrane and avoids both thermal and mechanical stresses in the meanwhile. The 3D biocompatible plasmonic tweezer realizes selective capture, 3D pathway free transport, and position‐controlled release of target cells, and it displays excellent biocompatibility, low energy consumption, and high operational flexibility.

A 3D Biocompatible Plasmonic Tweezer for Single Cell Manipulation

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers a route for trace detection of mercury ions (Hg2+) owing to its great enhancement near the surface of the substrate. However, most of the methods are inconvenient due to the long reaction time and the strict measurement conditions. Based on a reaction between silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and mercury ions, a simple but effective method is proposed in this paper. In the experimental research, a tapered optical fiber (TOF) modified with AgNPs is employed as a sensing probe and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) is taken as the Raman reporter. The SERS substrate is consumed by the Hg2+, causing a spectrum decrease. In the Hg2+ concentration range of 10−12 M to 10−4 M, the spectra evolution is detected using a mobile Raman spectrometer. By analyzing the decrease of the Raman peak after a 5-minutes interval, the concentration of Hg2+ can be quantified. A limit of detection of 5.15 × 10−13 M is achieved, which is much below the maximum Hg2+ content of drinkable water specified by USEPA (10−8 M). Verification tests were performed with the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the results showed that the proposed SERS method is effective for real samples detection. In addition, the reproductivity and the selectivity are experimentally confirmed. With this reliable, rapid, ultrasensitive and accurate method, trace Hg2+ could be detected in many applications. 

A rapid Surface-Enhanced Raman scattering method for the determination of trace Hg2+ with tapered optical fiber probe

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