http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S2352485522000299/pdf/S2352485522000299.pdf

A phytoplankton bloom with a cyclonic eddy enhanced by the tropical cyclone Phethai in eastern Sir Lanka

Analysis of environmental and microbiological changes in Onagawa Bay immediately after the tsunami of the Great East Japan Earthquake based on sediment cores.

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S2352485522000500/pdf/S2352485522000500.pdf

A case study of the westward transport of Chorophyll-a entrained by ocean eddies during a tropical cyclone

Coral atolls are widely recognized as oases of remarkable biodiversity and productivity within the oligotrophic open ocean. However, considerable debate surrounds the net carbon metabolism of planktonic communities in oceanic coral atolls and their contribution to the overall carbon budget of the ocean. Zhongsha Atoll, situated in the central South China Sea, represents one of the largest submerged reef atolls globally. Despite its significance, the ecological environment and characteristics of community production and metabolism at Zhongsha Atoll have been scarcely studied, and it remains uncertain whether these features differ from those observed in barrier-type reefs. In this study, we examined the gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net community production (NCP) of the planktonic community in Zhongsha Atoll and its surrounding waters from 22 June to 6 July 2020. We also analyzed the potential influences of their distribution patterns. Our findings revealed that CR did not vary significantly with depth and it was considerably higher than GPP. As a result, the waters at the euphotic depth of Zhongsha Atoll were found to be heterotrophic, with negative NCP. Additionally, the correlation analysis demonstrated a negative relationship between NCP and CR. The NCP values were -35.28 ± 26.73 and -53.18 ± 31.77 mg C m-3 d-1 for the surface and chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layers, respectively. The NCP for the upper water column was -3023 mg C m-2 d-1. The waters above the reef flat (FL) exhibited higher primary productivity, with GPP in the surface and DCM layer being 1.61 and 2.71 times greater, respectively, than in the surrounding oceanic regions. However, the FL displayed a greater level of heterotrophy due to its stronger CR. In conclusion, the carbon metabolism of the planktonic community in submerged Zhongsha Atoll acts as a source of atmospheric CO2, and the distribution of coral reefs considerably contributes to the efficiency of carbon cycling within the atoll.

Planktonic carbon metabolism of an underwater coral atoll in the oligotrophic sea: a case study of Zhongsha Atoll, Central South China Sea

Typhoons disturb the upper ocean, weaken the physical stratification, and induce temporal and spatial changes in primary production, which rapidly alter the distribution and diversity of fishery resources. This study analyzed the response of oceanic conditions and fishery resources on the sea area of the typhoon pathway in the East/Japan Sea (Type A: typhoon passed from southwest to northeast; Type B: typhoon dissipated in the southwest; Type C: typhoon passed from southeast to northeast; and Type D: typhoons passed from southwest to northwest). For Types A and B, the sea surface temperature (SST) decreased in all areas, and Chl-a showed the largest fluctuations in the southwest. For Type C, the SST variation was reduced in the eastern part, stratification was strengthened, and Chl-a did not differ significantly in each area. For Type D, SST and Chl-a showed significant variations in the western part. The biomass of fishery resources increased along the typhoon path for each type, and the diversity increased for Types A and D but decreased for Type B; however, the diversity and catch of fishery resources increased in the northeast for Type C. This study contributes to understanding the impact of typhoon pathway changes on the marine environment and ecosystem.

/pdf/distributional-changes-in-fishery-resource-diversity-caused-q8idx839.pdf

Distributional Changes in Fishery Resource Diversity Caused by Typhoon Pathways in the East/Japan Sea

Typhoons usually can induce phytoplankton blooms in the surface waters. This chapter, using satellite and cruise survey data, introduces recent observations that Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) blooms occur not only on the surface, but also in the interior, just above the thermocline after the passage of a typhoon. The analysis of the physical and biological characteristics in the South China Sea after the passage of the typhoon Nuri in August of 2008 show that a subsurface (20–100 m depth) Chl-a bloom (1.31 mg m−3) occurred and lasted for 3 weeks; stronger and longer than the surface Chl-a bloom (0.48 mg m−3). The maximum value of the Chl-a at 2.10 mg m−3 was detected at a 50 m depth. This value was approximately 4–5 times higher than the background value of 0.48 mg m−3 measured at non-blooming areas at the same time and about 7.5 times higher than the mean Chl-a value of 0.28 mg m−3 measured over a period of 5 years. The mixed layer-depth and the thickness of the Chl-a bloom increased after the typhoon. This study clearly shows that a subsurface upwelling caused by the passage of the typhoon, transported nutrients to the euphotic zone and supported the Chl-a bloom. This study identified three phases for a typhoon-induced Chl-a bloom: The normal or pre-typhoon phase; The early post-typhoon phase and; The late-post typhoon phase. These observations provide some insights on the effect of typhoons on marine ecosystems, especially as related to the Integrated Primary Production. At the end of this chapter a summary of the impacts of typhoons on marine ecosystems, including surface, subsurface, and deep water systems, and their related physical processes is presented.

Typhoon Impacts on Subsurface Marine Ecosystems

Results from a new series of experiments on flows generated by localized heating in the presence of a background zonal current on the polar beta-plane are presented. The flow induced by a heater without the background zonal flow is in the form of a beta-plume. Zonal jets of alternating directions are formed within the plume. The westward transport velocity in the plume is proportional to the upwelling velocity above the heater in agreement with linear theory. When the background flow in the form of the eastward zonal current is present, the beta-plume can be overwhelmed by the eastward current. The main control parameters of the experiment are the strength of the heater and strength of the sink which is used to create the background flow. The regime diagram shows the area where a beta-plume can exist in the parameter space. The critical value of the velocity of the zonal flow below which the beta-plume can exist is obtained by considering barotropic Rossby waves emitted by the baroclinic eddies in the heated area.

Buoyancy storms in a zonal stream on the polar beta-plane: experiments with altimetry

Results from a new series of experiments on flows generated by localized heating in the presence of a background zonal current on the polar β-plane are presented. The flow induced by a heater without the background zonal flow is in the form of a β-plume. Zonal jets of alternating directions are formed within the plume. The westward transport velocity in the plume is proportional to the upwelling velocity above the heater in agreement with linear theory. When the background flow in the form of the eastward zonal current is present, the β-plume can be overwhelmed by the eastward current. The main control parameters of the experiment are the strength of the heater and strength of the sink which is used to create the background flow. The regime diagram shows the area where a β-plume can exist in the parameter space. The critical value of the velocity of the zonal flow below which the β-plume can exist is obtained by considering barotropic Rossby waves emitted by the baroclinic eddies in the heated area.

Buoyancy storms in a zonal stream on the polar beta-plane: Experiments with altimetry

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Typhoon Impacts on Subsurface Marine Ecosystems

Buoyancy storms in a zonal stream on the polar beta-plane: experiments with altimetry

Buoyancy storms in a zonal stream on the polar beta-plane: Experiments with altimetry