Campanulaceae: a family with small seeds that require light for germination.

Numerous scientific researches confirm the fact that mycorrhiza is a highly useful symbiosis between roots and fungi. Due to differences in morphology, it is divided into ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza. Endomycorrhiza forms mycellium inside the root tissue and ectomycorrhiza out of the tissue. Such root and fungi association have a large number of positive effects, which are best reflected in poor soils and stress conditions. As the orchards are often planted on poor soils, mycorrhiza may also be necessary for sustainable agriculture. In poor soils it affects the absorption of mineral substances, and most phosphorus. It also contributes to improve water absorption in soils with low content of available water. These two most important effects are a consequence of significantly greater root system biomass but also the ability of fungi to penetrate the hyphae into the smaller soil capillaries in which the root can't penetrate. These two effects indirectly results in better tolerance of plants to stress agroecological conditions such as low and high temperatures, salinity, soil pH and air pollution. The important role od mycorrhiza is to prevent the uptake od heavy metals, which is very important in conventional production. It also affects the prevention of the soil pathogenes. It can be assumed that mycorrhiza can be the key in sustainable agriculture production. It is financially achievable, it reduces the use of expensive mineral fertilizers and pesticides, and provides the plants with favorable balance of nutrients and water, which can be of crucial importance to vines. Thesis performed at: Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek Mentor: Prof.dr.sc. Suzana Kristek

Sveučilište josipa jurja strossmayera u osijeku poljoprivredni fakultet u osijeku

This review’s objective was to critically revisit various research approaches for studies on the application of beneficial organisms and bacteriocins as effective biopreservatives in the food industry. There are a substantial number of research papers reporting newly isolated bacterial strains from fermented food products and their application as potential probiotics, including partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by these microorganisms. Most of these studies follow scientific community-accepted standard procedures and propose various applications of the studied strains and bacteriocins as potential biopreservatives for the food industry. A few investigations go somewhat further, performing model studies, exploring the application of expressed bacteriocins in a designed food product, or trying to evaluate the effectiveness of the studied potential probiotics and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens. Some authors propose applications of bacteriocin producers as starter cultures and are exploring in situ bacteriocin production to aid in the effective control of foodborne pathogens. However, few studies have evaluated the possible adverse effects of bacteriocins, such as toxicity. This comes from well-documented reports on bacteriocins being mostly non-immunogenic and having low cytotoxicity because most of these proteinaceous molecules are small peptides. However, some studies have reported on bacteriocins with noticeable cytotoxicity, which may become even more pronounced in genetically engineered or modified bacteriocins. Moreover, their cytotoxicity can be very specific and is dependent on the concentration of the bacteriocin and the nature of the targeted cell. This will be discussed in detail in the present review.

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/19/3145/pdf?version=1665394937

Use of Bacteriocins and Bacteriocinogenic Beneficial Organisms in Food Products: Benefits, Challenges, Concerns

Seed dormancy is a common strategy of many plants to survive in natural and agricultural ecosystems. This study examined the effects of some chemical factors, including gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate, the prechilling temperature, duration and conditions and the light regimes on the seed dormancy-breaking of Papaver rhoeas L. and Papaver dubium L. The results showed that all the tested seed dormancy-breaking treatments significantly stimulated the germination of the two Papaver species. The seed germination was significantly influenced in relation to the seeds that were treated with 0–1250 p.p.m. of gibberellic acid. The maximum germination was observed in P. rhoeas L. at 750 p.p.m. and in Pa. dubium L. at 500 p.p.m. in the light/dark regime. There was a significant increase in the germination with an increase in the potassium nitrate concentration. The greatest germination was achieved at the lowest potassium nitrate concentration (0.5 g L−1) in the light/dark regime. The wet prechilling was more effective than the dry prechilling in the dormancy-breaking of both P. rhoeas L. and Pa. dubium L. The highest germination percentage was found in the wet prechilling condition after 45 days' prechilling duration. The combination of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate was more successful than their separate application in the stimulation of germination in both Papaver species. Among the combined treatments of prechilling and gibberellic acid, the highest germination of P. rhoeas L. was recorded in the seeds that were treated with wet prechilling for 45 days with 750 p.p.m. gibberellic acid, while in Pa. dubium L., the maximum germination was recorded with wet prechilling for 45 days with 500 p.p.m. of gibberellic acid.

Effects of some chemical factors, prechilling treatments and interactions on the seed dormancy‐breaking of two Papaver species

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a largely sought after resource due to its substantial health benefits. However, large-scale culture of ginseng seeds is limited because of its long maturation time and triple-dormancy. To develop new strategies to improve the dehiscence, germination, and breaking dormancy, we investigated the effects of stratification, gibberellin (GA3), and/or kinetin treatments on the dehiscence, development and germination of P. ginseng. Indehiscent seeds for the dehiscence test and dehiscent seeds for the germination test were immersed in a solution containing 288.7 μM GA3 and/or 232.3 μM kinetin for 24 h, respectively, at 25 °C. After dehiscence, a cold stratification experiment was conducted at 2 °C for 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days in the dark. Exogenous GA3 and kinetin treatments significantly improved the dehiscence rate. In addition, both plant growth regulators (PGRs) appeared to enhance the zygotic embryo development of ginseng seeds. GA3 on its own had a slight effect on breaking dormancy and germination, but the effect was not sufficient to serve as a complete substitute for the cold stratification requirement due to the deep physiological dormancy characteristic of P. ginseng. Kinetin treatment had a significant effect on germination and breaking dormancy, although a short period of cold stratification was also required. The combination of GA3 and kinetin treatments was more effective at enhancing both seed dehiscence and germination than either PGR treatment alone.

Improvement of seed dehiscence and germination in ginseng by stratification, gibberellin, and/or kinetin treatments

Seed dormancy behavior of weed seeds is a critical determinant of their survival rates in a given cropping system as it helps the weeds to evade herbicides and other weeding practices. We investigated the effects of red light, alternating temperature, stratification duration and different doses of nitrogen containing compounds alone or in combination with red light on breaking seed dormancy of Chenopodium album L. The application of red light (80 µmols -1 m -2 ) significantly increased seed germination of C. album in all treatments. Germination rates of 12 h incubated seeds were highest under 20 min of red light irradiation than 1 min, 5 min and 10 min treated seeds. Germination rate was significantly higher at alternating temperatures of 25°C and 5°C for 12 h each with an irradiation of red light (80 µmols-1 m -2 ) for 10 min than other treatments. Stratification period of 15 days significantly stimulated germination percentage of seeds incubated in dark, although 5 days of stratification along with red light application for 10 minutes exhibit similar effects on seeds. Seed germination was also enhanced by nitrogen containing compounds like NaNO2, KNO3, NH4Cl and NH4NO3. We observed that seed germination increased significantly with 25 mM KNO3 and 10 mM NH4NO3 in dark condition, while NaNO2 and NH4Cl enhanced seed germination under red light irradiation. It was concluded that red light alone or synergized with alternating temperatures, stratification and nitrogen compounds, especially nitrite and ammonium enhanced seed germination of C. album. Thus, the red light can play a vital role in present and future weed management strategies.

Role of Red Light, Temperature, Stratification and Nitrogen in Breaking Seed Dormancy of Chenopodium album L.

Listeria monocytogenes and its biofilms can constitute a severe threat to public health. RSQ04 is a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis CGMCC20699 against L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Molecular mass and amino acid sequence of RSQ04 were, respectively, 1164.55 Da and NGNGAAPAAASPAP. RSQ04 exhibited excellent stability during storage and adverse conditions such as low temperature, heat, and acid stress. Growth and biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes_15 planktonic cells were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited after treatment with RSQ04. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that cellular structure of L. monocytogenes_15 was disrupted by RSQ04 due to pore formation on the cell membrane. Hemolytic and cytotoxicity activity on HEK293T cells as well as in vivo evaluation in Kunming mice confirmed safety of RSQ04. Moreover, antibiofilm activity of RSQ04 was confirmed against L. monocytogenes_15 onto abiotic (stainless steel) and biotic surfaces (chicken breast and Italian ham). These findings indicate that RSQ04 could be used as a potential food biopreservative to control contamination by L. monocytogenes. This study systematically investigated RSQ04 from purification, characterization, safety assessment, and practical application on model food systems, providing an example for development and utilization of bacteriocins in food industries. 

Inhibitory effect of a new bacteriocin RSQ04 purified from Lactococcus lactis on Listeria monocytogenes and its application on model food systems

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Role of Red Light, Temperature, Stratification and Nitrogen in Breaking Seed Dormancy of Chenopodium album L.

Inhibitory effect of a new bacteriocin RSQ04 purified from Lactococcus lactis on Listeria monocytogenes and its application on model food systems