Nitrogen (N) is a key element for life in the oceans. It controls primary productivity in many parts of the global ocean, consequently playing a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The marine N cycle is driven by multiple biogeochemical transformations mediated by microorganisms, including processes contributing to the marine fixed N pool (N2 fixation) and retained N pool (nitrification, assimilation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), as well as processes contributing to the fixed N loss (denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation). The N cycle maintains the functioning of marine ecosystems and will be a crucial component in how the ocean responds to global environmental change. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the marine microbial N cycle, the functional N genes involved, the ecology and distribution of the participating microorganisms, and the main impacts of anthropogenic activities on the marine N cycle.

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Processes and Microorganisms Involved in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Knowledge and Gaps

Microbial diversity and ecological interactions of microorganisms in the mangrove ecosystem: Threats, vulnerability, and adaptations

A review of anammox-based nitrogen removal technology: From microbial diversity to engineering applications.

Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation in intertidal marsh soils: Occurrence and environmental significance

Microbial abundance and activity of nitrite/nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizers in estuarine and intertidal wetlands: Heterogeneity and driving factors.

Molecular analysis of microbial nitrogen transformation and removal potential in mangrove wetlands under anthropogenic nitrogen input.

Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), which is mediated by “Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera-like” bacteria, is unique in linking the carbon and nitrogen cycles However, the niche and activity of n-damo bacteria in the mangrove ecosystem have not been confirmed Here, we report the occurrence of the n-damo process in the mangrove wetland of the Zhangjiang Estuary, China The widespread occurrence of n-damo bacteria in mangrove wetland was confirmed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, which showed that the abundance of Methylomirabilis oxyfera-like bacterial 16S rRNA and pmoA genes ranged from 243 × 106 to 209 × 107 and 207 × 106 to 338 × 107copies per gram of dry soil in the examined sediment cores The highest amount of targeting genes was all detected in the upper layer (0–20 cm) Phylogenetic analyses of n-damo bacterial 16S rRNA and pmoA genes illustrated the depth-specific distribution and high diversity of n-damo bacteria in the mangrove wetland Stable isotope experiments further confirmed the occurrence of n-damo in the examined mangrove sediments, and the potential n-damo rates ranged from 2593 to 70408 nmol CO2 per gram of dry soil per day at different depths of the sediment cores, with the n-damo being more active in the upper layer of the mangrove sediments These results illustrate the existence of active M oxyfera-like bacteria and indicate that the n-damo process is a previously overlooked microbial methane sink in the mangrove wetlands

Molecular and stable isotopic evidence for the occurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in the mangrove sediment of Zhangjiang Estuary, China

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Molecular analysis of microbial nitrogen transformation and removal potential in mangrove wetlands under anthropogenic nitrogen input.

Molecular and stable isotopic evidence for the occurrence of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in the mangrove sediment of Zhangjiang Estuary, China