This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5-7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the effects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5-7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water.

Effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health mainly attribute to its speciation in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate factors that may influence aluminum speciation in water supply system. The concentration of soluble aluminum and its transformation among other aluminum species were mainly controlled by kinetics processes of related reactions. Total aluminum concentration had a notable effect on the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum in the first 4 day; then its effect became weak. At pH above 7.50, both fluoride and orthophosphate had little effect on aluminum speciation; while, when the solution pH was below 7.50, the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum were proportional to the concentration of fluoride and inversely proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate. Both mononuclear and polynuclear silicic acids could complex with mononuclear aluminum by forming soluble aluminosilicates. In addition, the adding sequence of orthophosphate and aluminum into drinking water would also affect the distribution of aluminum species in the first 4 day. In order to minimize aluminum bioavailability in drinking water, it was suggested that orthophosphate should be added prior to coagulant process, and that the concentrations of fluoride and silicic acids should be controlled below 2.0 and 25 mg/L, respectively, prior to the treatment. The solution pH in coagulation and filtration processes should be controlled in the range of 6.50-7.50.

Factors effecting aluminum speciation in drinking water by laboratory research

This study aimed to investigate the variation of aluminum species in a drinking water distribution system in a city in northeastern China. The aluminum species were determined by fluorometric methods. Results showed that suspended aluminum (Sus-Al) was the major species in the drinking water supplied by plant B and accounted for about 42% of the total aluminum (Tol-Al). The concentrations of Sus-Al and Tol-Al could be controlled effectively by in- troducing reservoir water. In the water source switching process, the water quality variation led to the suddenly release of Sus-Al, especially in a cast iron pipeline that had been in service for more than 30 years, but the soluble aluminum varied little. In the plant A service areas, the average concentrations of the inorganic monomeric aluminum (IM-Al), monomeric aluminum (Mon-Al), and soluble aluminum (Sol-Al) were 0.008 mg L −1 , 0.03 mg L −1 , and 0.04 mg L −1 , respectively, and their concentrations in the plant B service areas were higher. The pH and fluoride were the major parameters affecting the soluble aluminum speciation. With a solution pH of 6.5-7.5 and fluoride below 0.3 mg L −1 , the Sol-Al could be controlled within 0.1 mg L −1 . Water quality regulation and terminal filtration were suggested for residual aluminum control.

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Aluminum speciation in drinking water distribution system: A case study in northeastern China

Fluorimetric method has been proposed for the speciation of Al in natural waters, based on the different competitive complexation behavior of analytical reagent and natural organic matter to Al. With eriochrome blue black R (EBBR) or morin, the monomeric inorganic Al (Al(i)) was determined, while with 8-hydroxylquinoline, the total monomeric Al (Al(a)) was obtained. The analytical results of Al speciation in natural water are close to those by Driscoll's method. The method is simple and reliable. Fractionation of Al was realized by selecting appropriate reagents under the pH of natural water determined. The merits of this novel strategy are that the disturbance to original equilibrium of Al species is minimized and the results conform to the actual situation of natural waters.

Speciation of aluminum in natural waters by fluorimetry

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Speciation of aluminum in natural waters by fluorimetry