Among different energy storage devices, supercapacitors have garnered the attention due to their higher charge storage capacity, superior charging-discharging performance, higher power density, and long cycle life. Subsequently, introducing low-cost and highly-efficient supercapacitors is a hot topic in the industrial and scientific realms. Metal oxides are considered as the most suitable electrode materials due to their intrinsic properties, economic attractiveness, environmental friendliness, and abundant availability. However, there is still a salient need to have e comprehensive study of the significance of metal oxide nanomaterials for supercapacitors in relation to their sustainable synthesis approaches. Thus, this review delineated the different sustainable synthesis approaches for metal oxide nanomaterials following their morphological, compositional, and supercapacitive properties. Initially, the review covers designs or configurations of supercapacitors followed by the types of supercapacitors based on electrode materials. Further, metal oxides-based pseudocapacitive-/battery-type electrodes have been articulated comprehensively. Moreover, this review aims to provide sustainable fabrication of metal oxide nanomaterial-based supercapacitors with a superior interpretation of the design and functioning of the device that could serve as guidelines for new synthesis and fabrication approaches to develop sustainable supercapacitors for practical applications. 

Recent advancements in metal oxides for energy storage materials: Design, classification, and electrodes configuration of supercapacitor

Self-assembled and highly faceted growth of Mo and V doped ZnO nanoflowers for high-performance supercapacitors

Freestanding trimetallic Fe–Co–Ni phosphide nanosheet arrays as an advanced electrode for high‐performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Enhancing electrochemical performance of electrode material via combining defect and heterojunction engineering for supercapacitors.

Electrophoretic deposition of ZnO/CuO and ZnO/CuO/rGO heterostructure based film as environmental Benign flexible electrode for supercapacitor.

Although zinc oxide (ZnO) with wide distribution is one of the most attractive energy storage materials, the low electronic conductivity and insufficient active sites of bulk ZnO increase the internal resistance and reduce the capacity of electrodes for supercapacitors. Herein, CoS nanosheets are coated on the surface of heterostructured ZnO/Co3O4 nanowires to synthesize a core-shell Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode by a three-step method. The built-in electric field formed between ZnO and Co3O4 can enhance the conductivity of the composite electrode. The coating of amorphous CoS can also provide sufficient active sites and improve the chemical stability of ZnO/Co3O4 nanowires. As a result, the as-prepared Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 1190 C g-1, which is 7 times higher than that of the pristine ZnO electrode. Besides, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with the Zn-Co-O@CoS electrode exhibits a high energy density of 56.8 W h kg-1 at a power density of 771.6 W kg-1. Furthermore, we assembled a solar-charging power system by combining the HSC and monocrystalline silicon plates to prove the practicability of the device, which can power a toy electric fan successfully. This study provides an effective idea and strategy for preparing Zn-based supercapacitor electrodes with low cost and deep discharge.

Core–shell nanostructured Zn–Co–O@CoS arrays for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

ZnO/CoO@NiCoS nanohybrids with double heterogeneous interface for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with high theoretical specific capacity have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitors. However, the low electronic conductivity and insufficient active sites hinder the further large-scale application of bulk LDHs. Here, we successfully synthesized heterostructured Co-Zn LDH@Co(H2PO4)2 nanoflowers by a simple hydrothermal method. As the amount of Co(H2PO4)2 in the whole heterostructure increases, the nanosheets steadily evolve into nanoflowers with a high surface area, providing more electrochemically active sites. Moreover, the built-in electric field formed between Co-Zn LDH and Co(H2PO4)2 improves the conductivity of the composite electrode. As a result, the as-prepared Co-Zn LDH@Co(H2PO4)2 shows a high specific capacity of 919 C g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. A hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode and Co-Zn LDH@Co(H2PO4)2 as the positive electrode delivers an energy density of 30.4 W h kg-1 at a power density of 400 W kg-1, and 95.3% of the initial capacity is retained after 5000 cycles. This study provides a novel synthesis strategy for constructing heterojunctions to enhance the energy storage properties of LDH-based materials.

Rational design of flower-like Co-Zn LDH@Co(H2PO4)2 heterojunctions as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors.

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Core–shell nanostructured Zn–Co–O@CoS arrays for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

ZnO/CoO@NiCoS nanohybrids with double heterogeneous interface for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Rational design of flower-like Co-Zn LDH@Co(H2PO4)2 heterojunctions as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors.