Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables pose a significant challenge to the agriculture industry worldwide. To address this issue, researchers have turned to natural and eco-friendly solutions such as chitosan coatings. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has gained considerable attention due to its unique properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and potential applications in post-harvest preservation. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on chitosan coatings for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. Moreover, it highlights the advantages of using chitosan coatings, including its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to enhance shelf-life and maintain the quality attributes of fresh product. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanisms by which chitosan interacts with fruits and vegetables, elucidating its antimicrobial activity, modified gas permeability, enhanced physical barrier and induction of host defense responses. It also examines the factors influencing the effectiveness of chitosan coatings, such as concentration, molecular weight, deacetylation degree, pH, temperature, and application methods. 

Advancements in coating technologies: Unveiling the potential of chitosan for the preservation of fruits and vegetables

Hyperoxia application has been proven to be effective in mushrooms preservation, however, the possible induction mechanisms of hyperoxia stress on P. eryngii quality maintenance are incompletely understood. In this study, Pleurotus eryngii treated with hyperoxia (80% O2 +20% N2) and the induced resistance responses of fruiting bodies were mainly investigated through ROS metabolism and phenylpropanoid pathway. The application of hyperoxia could significantly alleviate the quality deterioration of P. eryngii during storage, as observed by higher maintenance of firmness, nutrient substance and membrane integrity. Moreover, hyperoxia application induced the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the early stage, as well as the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. The NADPH oxidase genes (PeNoxR) and MAPK signaling pathway were also up-regulated during hyperoxia stress. Besides, hyperoxia stress also promoted the accumulation of major secondary metabolites and up-regulated the transcription levels of the key genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway. Taken together, this study provided substantial evidences that hyperoxia could induce stress resistance in P. eryngii due to its positive regulation of ROS metabolism-modifying enzyme activities and genes, as well as possible activated phenylpropanoid pathway, therefore delaying the quality deterioration of P. eryngii during postharvest period. 

Roles of ROS metabolism and phenylpropanoid pathway in quality maintenance of postharvest Pleurotus eryngii under hyperoxia stress

Spraying chitosan on cassava roots reduces postharvest deterioration by promoting wound healing and inducing disease resistance.

Over the past decade, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has become an indispensable tool in molecular biology, and have made the novel development, with two innovative methodologies being developed, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology and spatial transcriptome (ST) technology. The scRNA-seq technology allows researchers to analyze gene expression in individual cells, providing more detailed information relative to the past technologies. Meanwhile, ST technology overcomes the limitations of single-cell sequencing in terms of loss of spatial information, enabling scientists to better understand the spatial distribution of gene expression within tissues. These advancements of transcriptomics technologies revolutionize the field of genomics and have been widely used in disease diagnosis and medicine. However, they are less utilized in plant research. This review describes the development, advantage and limitations of three transcriptomics technologies, and presents their applications in plant sciences. 

Development and application of transcriptomics technologies in plant science

An appropriate planting density could realize the maximum yield potential of crops, but the mechanism of sweet potato storage root formation in response to planting density is still rarely investigated. Four planting densities, namely D15, D20, D25, and D30, were set for 2-year and two-site field experiments to investigate the carbohydrate and lignin metabolism in potential storage roots and its relationship with the storage root number, yield, and commercial characteristics at the harvest period. The results showed that an appropriate planting density (D20 treatment) stimulated cambium cell differentiation, which increased carbohydrate accumulation and inhibited lignin biosynthesis in potential storage roots. At canopy closure, the D20 treatment produced more storage roots, particularly developing ones. It increased the yield by 10.18–19.73% compared with the control D25 treatment and improved the commercial features by decreasing the storage root length/diameter ratio and increasing the storage root weight uniformity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value production of sweet potato.

/pdf/influence-of-planting-density-on-sweet-potato-storage-root-2y4byfhf.pdf

Influence of Planting Density on Sweet Potato Storage Root Formation by Regulating Carbohydrate and Lignin Metabolism

Introduction Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (ScRNA-seq) has emerged as an effective method for examining cell differentiation and development. In non-model plants, it hasn't been employed very much, especially in sink organs that are abundant in secondary metabolites. Results In this study, we sequenced the single-cell transcriptomes at two developmental phases of cassava tuberous roots using the technology known as 10x Genomics (S1, S2). In total, 14,566 cells were grouped into 15 different cell types, primarily based on the marker genes of model plants known to exist. In the pseudotime study, the cell differentiation trajectory was defined, and the difference in gene expression between the two stages on the pseudotime axis was compared. The differentiation process of the vascular tissue and cerebral tissue was identified by the trajectory. We discovered the rare cell type known as the casparian strip via the use of up-regulated genes and pseudotime analysis, and we explained how it differentiates from endodermis. The successful creation of a protoplast isolation technique for organs rich in starch was also described in our study. Discussion Together, we created the first high-resolution single-cell transcriptome atlas of cassava tuberous roots, which made significant advancements in our understanding of how these roots differentiate and develop.

/pdf/single-cell-transcriptome-sequencing-atlas-of-cassava-1xsrtuvb.pdf

Single-cell transcriptome sequencing atlas of cassava tuberous root

Understanding the changes of phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin accumulation in wounded cassava root during postharvest storage

In order to control garlic white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum), which threatens garlic production in farmers fields, soil solarization (solar sterilization), sclerotia germination inducers and effective microor- ganisms as biological control agents, and chemical fungicides have been used. Among them, fungicide has been largely used to reduce garlic white rot. In this study, the antifungal activities of five fungicides, prochloraz(a.i. 25%, EC), tebuconazole (a.i. 25%, WP), flutolanil (a.i. 15%, EC), iminoctadine tris-albesilate (a.i. 40%, WP) and isoprothiolane (a.i. 40%, EC) with different mode of action, in mycelial growth, sclerotia germination and sclerotia production, were tested. The inhibitory effects of the 5 fungicides on the mycelial growth, and sclerotia germination and production of garlic white rot pathogen (S. cepivorum T11-2) were investigated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and their control efficacies were evaluated on garlic flakes. There was no mycelial growth of S. cepivorum T11-2 on PDA amended with 0.8 µg mL �1 of prochloraz or 100 µg mL �1 of tebuconazole. Also prochloraz and tebuconazole inhibited perfectively the sclerotia germination of the pathogen at 10 and 1.0 µg mL �1 , respectively. In spite of a very low activity of isoprothiolane in mycelial growth and sclerotia germination of S. cepivorum T11-2, it showed a good inhibitory activity against sclerotia production of S. cepivorum T11-2 on PDA amended with 1.67 µg mL �1 . Prochloraz, tebuconazole and flutolanil showed above 70% of control value when they were treated at 100 µg mL �1 using the garlic flake

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201513251334625.pdf

Control Activities of Fungicides Against Garlic White Rot Caused by Sclerotium cepivorum

Cassava Roots Wound Healing Prevents Postharvest Deterioration to Ensure Quality of Postharvest Roots

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