Brassica napus is an important crop for edible oil, vegetables, biofuel, and animal food. It is also an ornamental crop for its various petal colors. Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activities and medicinal values, and are important to plant pigmentation, disease resistance, and abiotic stress responses. The yellow seed coat, purple leaf and inflorescence, and colorful petals of B. napus have been bred for improved nutritional value, tourism and city ornamentation. The putative loci and genes regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in B. napus have been identified using germplasms with various seed, petal, leaf, and stem colors, or different flavonoid contents under stress conditions. This review introduces the advances of flavonoid profiling, biosynthesis, and regulation during development and stress responses of B. napus, and hopes to help with the breeding of B. napus with better quality, ornamental value, and stress resistances.

/pdf/the-flavonoid-biosynthesis-and-regulation-in-brassica-napus-gflnjyzt.pdf

The Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Regulation in Brassica napus: A Review

Anthocyanins are metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway, and involves in diverse processes of plant development and adaptation, which are regulated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complexes. Many R2R3-MYB activators have been well characterized, but the MYB repressors in anthocyanin biosynthesis were recognized recently, which are also important in modulating phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants. The regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in oil crop Brassica napus remains to be revealed.In this study, we identified an anthocyanin repressor BnCPC in B. napus. BnCPC encoded a typical R3-MYB protein containing a conserved [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R motif for interaction with bHLH proteins. Overexpression of BnCPC in B. napus inhibited anthocyanin accumulation, especially under anthocyanin inducible conditions. Protein-protein interaction and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that BnCPC could compete with BnPAP1 to interact with bHLHs (BnTT8 and BnEGL3), and repress the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (e.g., BnDFR) that activated by MBW complexes. Moreover, we found BnCPC inhibited the MBW complex-induced BnCPC activity.Overall, this research demonstrated that BnCPC repressed anthocyanin biosynthesis by affecting the formation of MBW complex, and formed a feedback loop to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in B. napus. 

/pdf/an-r3-myb-repressor-bncpc-forms-a-feedback-regulation-with-18b0i2vx.pdf

An R3-MYB repressor, BnCPC forms a feedback regulation with MBW complex to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica napus

Abstract Background Aglaonema commutatum ‘Red Valentine’, as a foliage ornamental plant, is widely used for interior and exterior decoration because of its easy cultivation and management. However, reduced proportion of red foliage during large-scale production of A. commutatum seedlings is a frequent occurrence, which has considerable implications on the plant’s ornamental and market value. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Results To explore the molecular basis of the variation in leaf color of A. commutatum Red Valentine, we performed transcriptome sequencing with the Illumina platform using two different varieties of A. commutatum , namely Red Valentine and a green mutant, at three different stages of leaf development. We annotated 63,621 unigenes and 14,186 differentially expressed genes by pairwise comparison. Furthermore, we identified 26 anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes. The transcript per million (TPM) values were significantly higher for Red Valentine than for the green mutant in all three developmental stages, consistent with the high anthocyanin content of Red Valentine leaves. We detected positive transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis using BLAST and through correlation analysis. Downregulation of these transcription factors may downregulate the expression of anthocyanin genes. We obtained full-length cDNA of the anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes and constructed phylogenetic trees to ensure accuracy of the analysis. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf variation in A. commutatum Red Valentine and may be used to facilitate the breeding of ornamental cultivars with high anthocyanin levels. 

/pdf/transcriptomic-analysis-reveals-biosynthesis-genes-and-2y4divjg.pdf

Transcriptomic analysis reveals biosynthesis genes and transcription factors related to leaf anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aglaonema commutatum

Dendrobium nobile L. is a rare orchid plant with high medicinal and ornamentalvalue, and extremely few genetic species resources are remaining in nature. In the normal purple flower population, a type of population material with a white flower variation phenotype has been discovered, and through pigment component determination, flavonoids were preliminarily found to be the main reason for the variation.This study mainly explored the different genes and metabolites at different flowering stages and analysed the flower color variation mechanism through transcriptome- and flavonoid-targeted metabolomics. The experimental materials consisted of two different flower color phenotypes, purple flower (PF) and white flower (WF), observed during three different periods.The results identified 1382, 2421 and 989 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the white flower variety compared with the purple flower variety at S1 (bud stage), S2 (chromogenic stage) and S3 (flowering stage), respectively. Among these, 27 genes enriched in the ko00941, ko00942, ko00943 and ko00944 pathways were screened as potential functional genes affecting flavonoid synthesis and flower color. Further analysis revealed that 15 genes are potential functional genes that lead to flavonoid changes and flower color variations. The metabolomics results at S3 found 129 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), which included 8 anthocyanin metabolites, all of which (with the exception of delphinidin-3-o-(2'''-o-malonyl) sophoroside-5-o-glucoside) were found at lower amounts in the WF variety compared with the PF variety, indicating that a decrease in the anthocyanin content was the main reason for the inability to form purple flowers. Therefore, the changes in 19 flavone and 62 flavonol metabolites were considered the main reasons for the formation of white flowers. In this study, valuable materials responsible for flower color variation in D. nobile were identified and further analyzed the main pathways and potential genes affecting changes in flavonoids and the flower color. This study provides a material basis and theoretical support for the hybridization and molecular-assisted breeding of D. nobile. 

pdf/transcriptome-and-metabolome-analysis-reveals-the-effect-of-rfynxngnap.pdf

Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the effect of flavonoids on flower color variation in Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

The soil organisms are extremely important for the land-based ecosystem. There is a growing interest in studying the variety and composition of the entire underground soil organism community at a large ecological scale. Soil organisms show different patterns in relation to soil physiochemical properties (SPPs) in various ecosystems. However, there is limited knowledge regarding their response to soil vertical profiles (SVPs) in monoculture of Alhagi sparsifolia, which is the primary shrub in the deserts of China, and is well-known for its contributions to sand dune stabilization, traditional Chinese medicine, and forage. Here, we investigated the population dynamics of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists and metazoa across six different SVPs ranging from 0 to 100 cm in monoculture of A. sparsifolia, in its natural desert ecosystem. Our findings indicate that the soil biota communities displayed a declining pattern in the alpha diversity of bacteria, protists, and metazoa with an increase in soil depth. However, the opposite trend was observed for fungi and archaea. The beta diversity of soil biota was significantly affected by SVPs, particularly for metazoa, fungi and protists as revealed by Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling. The most prevalent soil bacterial, fungal, archaeal, protist, and metazoa classes were Actinobacteria, Sordariomycetes, Nitrososphaeria, Filosa-Sarcomonadea, and Nematoda, respectively. The correlation among vertical distribution of the most abundant biotic communities and variations in SPPs exhibited that the variations in total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) had the most significant influence on bacterial changes, while available potassium (AK) had an impact on fungi. Archaea were affected by TC and pH, protists by the C/N-Ratio and TP, and metazoa by TN, AK, and soil water capacity (SWC). Collectively, our findings provide a new perspective on the vertical distribution and distinct response patterns of soil biota in A. sparsifolia monoculture under natural desert ecosystem of China. 

Response of total belowground soil biota in Alhagi sparsifolia monoculture at different soil vertical profiles in desert ecosystem.

Coexistence Desert Plants Respond to Soil Phosphorus Availability by Altering the Allocation Patterns of Foliar Phosphorus Fractions and Acquiring Different forms of Soil Phosphorus

The mycobiome in the rhizosphere and within the roots benefits the nutrition and function of host plants. However, compared with the bacterial community, root-associated mycobiomes of desert plants and the forces that drive their assemblage are limited. Here, we investigated the mycobiomes in bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root compartments of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap., a phreatophyte species dominating in Central Asia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene phylogenetic profiles displayed significantly diverse mycobiomes across three compartments and host growth times, together explaining 31.45% of the variation in the community composition. The community structure of the perennial stage was markedly different from that of other stages (30 days to 2 years old). Along the soil–plant continuum, the α-diversity (estimated by Chao1) decreased gradually, while concomitantly increasing the community dissimilarity and the influence of edaphic factors. Specific leaf area, soil water content, and soil organic matter levels were common factors driving the composition of the three mycobiome communities. A more complex and connected network was observed in the root community compared with the other compartments. Overall, our work suggests that an age-sensitive host effect restructured the desert-plant-root-associated mycobiome, and that edaphic factors and host growth strategy may play potential roles in this process.

/pdf/alhagi-sparsifolia-harbors-a-different-root-associated-r5zhofz6.pdf

Alhagi sparsifolia Harbors a Different Root-Associated Mycobiome during Different Development Stages

The leaf economic spectrum (LES) has been repeatedly verified with regional and global datasets. However, the LES of desert plants and its drivers has not been fully explored at the species level. In this study, we sampled three desert perennial plant species (Alhagi sparsifolia, Karelinia caspia, and Apocynum venetum) at three different geographical areas of distribution in Xinjiang, China, and measured 10 leaf economic traits to determine their strategy of resource utilization. The scores of the first axis from the principal component analysis of 10 leaf economic traits as a continuous variable define the LES. This study showed that the LES did exist in desert plants in this region. The leaf economic spectrum shifted from a more conservative strategy to a more acquisitive strategy with increasing contents of soil potassium (K) and the ratio of K to phosphorus. Except for the vein density of A. venetum, which quadratically correlated with LES, the vein density, distance between veins, and vein loopiness significantly positively correlated with the LES (p < 0.05), indicating a covariation and tradeoff relationship. The annual mean temperature was significantly negatively correlated with LES, while the annual mean precipitation (MAP) and the aridity index (AI), which was calculated by the ratio of MAP to potential evapotranspiration, significantly positively correlated with the LES. Of these, vein loopiness and AI were more effective at predicting the change in LES from anatomical and climatic perspectives owing to their high regression coefficients (R2). The findings of this study will substantially improve the understanding of the strategies of desert plants to utilize resources and predict the structure and function of ecosystems.

/pdf/vein-network-and-climatic-factors-predict-the-leaf-economic-31ekbyna.pdf

Vein Network and Climatic Factors Predict the Leaf Economic Spectrum of Desert Plants in Xinjiang, China

Comparing root-associated microbial communities in Tamarix ramosissima across three Xinjiang basins, China

Desertification, a process through which once fertile and productive land is degraded into barren, arid desert, represents a significant environmental challenge with widespread consequences for ecosystems and human populations globally. This review explores the fundamental causes of desertification, its profound environmental and socio‐economic impacts, and the strategies employed to combat it. We address the diverse range of approaches aimed at mitigating the effects of desertification, in particular the importance of sustainable land management practices, such as reforestation and soil conservation. We also examine the numerous obstacles to the practical implementation of these strategies and potential future directions for more effective management. In addition, we highlight the role of policy frameworks, governmental interventions, and international cooperation as essential components in addressing this pressing issue. As desertification continues to threaten both ecosystems and livelihoods in vulnerable regions, a comprehensive understanding of the strategies, challenges, and potential solutions will be crucial for ensuring the resilience of affected communities and the preservation of biodiversity. By fostering sustainable land‐use practices and promoting global cooperation, we can pave the way for more resilient ecosystems and improved well‐being for populations facing the severe consequences of land degradation.

Combating desertification: comprehensive strategies, challenges, and future directions for sustainable solutions.

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