Hard carbon (HC) anodes have shown extraordinary promise for sodium‐ion batteries, but are limited to their poor initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and low practical specific capacity due to the large amount of defects. These defects with oxygen containing groups cause irreversible sites for Na+ ions. Highly graphited carbon decreases defects, while potentially blocking diffusion paths of Na+ ions. Therefore, molecular‐level control of graphitization of hard carbon with open accessible channels for Na+ ions is key to achieve high‐performance hard carbon. Moreover, it is challenging to design a conventional method to obtain HCs with both high ICE and capacity. Herein, a universal strategy is developed as manganese ions‐assisted catalytic carbonization to precisely tune graphitization degree, eliminate defects, and maintain effective Na+ ions paths. The as‐prepared hard carbon has a high ICE of 92.05% and excellent cycling performance. Simultaneously, a sodium storage mechanism of “adsorption‐intercalation‐pore filling‐sodium cluster formation” is proposed, and a clear description given of the boundaries of the pore structure and the specific dynamic process of pore filling.

Catalytic Defect‐Repairing Using Manganese Ions for Hard Carbon Anode with High‐Capacity and High‐Initial‐Coulombic‐Efficiency in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Given the merits of affordable cost, superior low-temperature performance, and advanced safe properties, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have exhibited great development potential in large scale energy storage applications. Among various emerging carbonaceous anode materials applied for SIBs, hard carbon (HC) has recently gained significant attention regarding their relatively low cost, wide availability, and optimal overall performance. However, the insufficient initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC is the main bottlenecks, which is inevitably hindering their further commercial applications. Herein, an in-depth holistic exposition about the reasons causing the unsatisfied ICE and the recent advances on effective improvement strategies are comprehensively summarized in this review, which have been divided into two aspects including the intrinsic property (degree of graphitization, pore structure, defect, et al.) and the extrinsic factor (electrolyte, electrode materials, et al.). In addition, future prospects and perspectives on HC to enable practical application in SIBs are also briefly outlined. 

Boosting the Development of Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Strategies to Optimize the Initial Coulombic Efficiency

Puerariae Lobatae radix flavonoids and puerarin alleviate alcoholic liver injury in zebrafish by regulating alcohol and lipid metabolism

Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil deposits. Biomass-derived carbon materials are extensively researched as efficient and sustainable anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs. The main purpose of this perspective is to brief the use of biomass residues for the preparation of carbon anodes for LIBs and NIBs annexed to the biomass-derived carbon physicochemical structures and their aligned electrochemical properties. In addition, an outlook and some challenges faced in this promising area of research is presented. This review enlightens the readers with valuable insights and a reasonable understanding of issues and challenges faced in the preparation, physicochemical properties, and application of biomass-derived carbon materials as anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs.

Recent Progress in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries—A Review

Abstract Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a significant amount of interest in the past decade as a credible alternative to the lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) widely used today. The abundance of sodium, along with the potential utilization of electrode materials without critical elements in their composition, led to the intensification of research on SIBs. Hard carbon (HC), is identified as the most suitable negative electrode for SIBs. It can be obtained by pyrolysis of eco‐friendly and renewable precursors, such as biomasses, biopolymers or synthetic polymers. Distinct HC properties can be obtained by tuning the precursors and the synthesis conditions, with a direct impact on the performance of SIBs. In this work, an in‐depth overview of how the synthesis parameters of HC affect their properties (porosity, structure, morphology, surface chemistry, and defects) is provided. Several synthesis‐property relationships are established based on a database created using extensive literature data. Moreover, HC properties are correlated with the electrochemical performance (initial Coulombic efficiency (iCE) and reversible capacity) vs. Na, in half‐cells. The Na‐ion storage mechanisms and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation are discussed along with the HC performance in full‐cell devices, as well as the SIB prototypes and a short history of SIBs enterprises. 

Review: Insights on Hard Carbon Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries (SIBs): Synthesis – Properties – Performance Relationships

Biomass Hard Carbon of High Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Sodium-ion Batteries: Preparation and Application

Lipid-modulate activity of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet polysaccharide in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease larval zebrafish model

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Biomass Hard Carbon of High Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Sodium-ion Batteries: Preparation and Application

Lipid-modulate activity of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet polysaccharide in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease larval zebrafish model