The large-scale circulation anomalies associated with extreme heat (EH) in South Korea and southern–central Japan are examined using data during the time period 1979–2016. Statistical analy...

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Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies Associated with Extreme Heat in South Korea and Southern–Central Japan

&#160;&#160;&#160; The large-scale circulation anomalies associated with extreme heat (EH) in South Korea and southern&#8211;central Japan are examined using data during the time period 1979&#8211;2016. Statistical analysis indicates that EH days in these two regions are concentrated in July and August and tend to occur simultaneously. These EH days are therefore combined to explore the physical mechanisms leading to their occurrence. The composite results indicate that the anomalous atmospheric warming during EH days is dominantly caused by a significant subsidence anomaly, which is associated with a deep anomalous anticyclone over East Asia. Further investigation of the evolution of circulation anomalies suggests that the anomalous anticyclone over East Asia related to EH is primarily initiated by wave trains originating from upstream regions, which propagate eastward along the Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere. These wave trains can be categorized into two types that are characterized by the precursor anticyclonic and cyclonic anomalies, respectively, over central Asia. The distinction between these two types of wave train can be explained by the wavenumbers of the Rossby waves, which are modulated by both the intensity and the shape of the Asian westerly jet as the background basic flow.

Analysis of Occurrence Distribution and Synoptic Pattern of Future Heat Waves in Korea

This study aimed to propose a way to utilize vulnerability assessment effectively in policy-making by conducting policy-related assessment of the thermal environment. For this purpose, a variety of indices concerning thermal vulnerability assessment were reviewed, and finally, 15 indices were selected. In addition, adaptation policies for climate change applied to Korean cities were synthesized and examined to establish policies for improving thermal environments which correspond to 15 indices. Finally, a framework consisting of five areas (improvement of the atmospheric environment, expansion of eco-friendly buildings, management of the surface, cool spot creation and revitalization of communities), 15 indices and 25 policies was proposed. As a result, 15 vulnerability maps based on the standardized indices and a comprehensive map with four classes were established for Daegu Metropolitan City in South Korea. Based on the maps, Guji-myeon and Ansim-1-dong were found to be the most vulnerable areas. Hence, the causes of the thermal environment vulnerability and the policies for improving urban thermal environment were analyzed in these two areas using the proposed framework. Guji-myeon was necessary to more actively implement policies regarding the improvement of the atmospheric environment, management of the surface, and revitalization of communities. To improve the thermal environment of Ansim-1-dong, active policy implementation was required in all five areas. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the effective establishment of thermal environment policies by policy-makers.

Evaluation and Utilization of Thermal Environment Associated with Policy: A Case Study of Daegu Metropolitan City in South Korea

Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, KoreaReceived 4 March 2016, revised 10 March 2016, accepted 20 March 2016, published online 31 March 2016ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to analyze the effect of the different land covers of an urban park (Hyowon park) in downtown Suwon on the urban thermal variations during a hot summer. The effect of the air temperature reduction in the urban park was 4.4%-4.5% for the downtown residence (Maetan-dong). This value was about 0.8% lower than that of the outskirts residence (Sanggwanggyo-dong). The daily mean temperature, daily maximum temperature, summer day and heat wave frequency were measured under the different land covers (cement-block, grass, pine-grass, shading area and mixed forest) showed these values generally decreased under natural land cover types. Daily minimum temperature and tropical night frequency didn’t seem to correlate with the land cover types. Means of thermal comfort indices (wet bulb globe temperature, heat index and discomfort index) in the shading area, mixed forest and the pine-grass types were lower than those of cement block and grass types. However the levels of those indices were equal to ‘very high’ or ‘caution’ levels in the afternoon (13:00-15:00). In the morning (06:00-08:00), thermal comfort indices of the urban park didn’t correlate with land cover types. Therefore, to reduce heat stress and to improve the thermal comfort in urban parks, an increase in the area of natural land cover such as grass, forest and open spaces is required. KEYWORDS: Land cover, Thermal environment, Thermal comforts index, Urban park요 약: 본 연구는 수원시 도심에 위치한 도시공원인 효원공원을 대상으로 여름철 대기온도 저감효과를 확인하고, 공원을 구성하는 서로 다른 피복유형별 특성을 파악하기 위하여 열 환경을 실측하고 분석하였다. 도시공원의 여름철 대기온도저감효과는 도심주거지 (매탄동) 대비 평균 4.4-4.5%로 통계적으로 유의하였고 ( p<0.001), 수원시의 외곽주거지 (상광교동) 보다는 약 0.8% 낮은 수준이었다. 도시공원 내 피복유형 (보도 블럭, 잔디 식재지, 소나무-잔디 식재지, 수목 차광지 및 혼합림 조경지)에 따른 열환경은 자연소재의 유형일수록 일평균기온, 일최고기온, 여름일수가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 그러나, 일최저기온 및 열대야일수는 피복유형에 따른 상관관계가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 오후시간대 (13:00-15:00)에 혼합림 조경지, 수목 차광지, 소나무-잔디 식재지의 불쾌지수 (DI), 습구흑구온도 (WBGT) 및 열지수 (HI)의 평균값이 보도 블록과 잔디 식재지보다 낮아서 자연소재의 피복 유형의 열쾌적성이 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 각 지수에 대한 등급은 모든 피복 유형에서 ‘가장 높음’ 또는 ‘주의’ 단계로 동일하였다. 한편 오전 (06:00-08:00)에는 토지 피복유형별 열쾌적성에 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 도시에서 열 환경을 개선하기 위하여는 초지, 숲 및 개방 지역의 토지 피복 유형을 증가하여야 한다.핵심어: 토지피복, 열환경, 열쾌적성 지수, 도시공원*Corresponding author: rosa337@korea.kr, ORCID: 0000-0002-6533-2511

Characteristics of Thermal Variations with the Different Land Covers in an Urban Area

Now a days, frequency of abnormally high temperatures like heat wave by global warming and climate change is increasing constantly and the number of patient with heat related illness are jumping rapidly. In this study, we chose the case day for the heat wave in Busan area(Busan and Yangsan), 2013 which it was the most hottest year during 21th century. And then, we analysed the weather condition using automatic synoptic observing system(ASOS) data. Also, four indices, heat index(HI), wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), Man-ENvironment heat EXchange model(MENEX)’s results like Physiological subjective temperature(PST), Physiological strain(PhS), were calculated to evaluate the thermal comfort and stress quantitatively. However, thermal comfort was different as the each station and thermal comfort index during same time. Busan’s thermal indices (HI: hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: very hot) indicated relatively higher than Yansan’s (HI: very hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: sweltering). It shows that Busan near coast is relatively more comfortable than Yangsan located in inland.

Evaluation of Thermal Environments during the Heat Waves of Summer 2013 in Busan Metropolitan Area

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Evaluation of Thermal Environments during the Heat Waves of Summer 2013 in Busan Metropolitan Area