Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Global efforts have been exerted to prevent the spreading of the disease through political decisions together with personal behaviors, which depend on awareness of the public. The goal of this study is to assess the knowledge, perceptions and attitude of the Egyptian public towards the COVID-19 disease. We conducted a cross-sectional survey about these points, which was distributed among adult Egyptians. Five hundred and fifty nine persons completed the survey. The mean knowledge score was 16.39 out of 23, gained mainly though social media (66.9%), and the internet (58.3%). Knowledge was significantly lower among older, less educated, lower income participants, and rural residents. Most participants (86.9%) were concerned about the risk of infection. While 37.6% thought that their salary will be continued if they become isolated, 68.5% believed that it should be continued during this period. About 73.0% were looking forward to get the vaccine when available. In general, participants had a good knowledge about the disease and a positive attitude towards protective measures. This knowledge is gained mainly through novel media channels, which have pros and cons. Although the government has taken major steps to educate the public and limit the spread of the disease, more effort is needed to educate and support the lower economic strata. If a vaccine or a treatment is approved, we recommend a government control over its use to preserve the rights of the vulnerable and needy groups.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10900-020-00827-7.pdf

Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).

Global burden of Liver Disease: 2023 Update.

The global burden of viral hepatitis is substantial; in terms of mortality, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections are on a par with HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, among the top four global infectious diseases. In 2016, the 194 Member States of the World Health Organization committed to eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, with a particular focus on hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. With only 10 years to go until the 2030 deadline is reached, and although much progress has been made towards elimination, there are still some important gaps in terms of policy and progress. In this Viewpoint, we asked a selection of scientists and clinicians working in the viral hepatitis field for their opinions on whether elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030 is feasible, what the key areas of progress are and what the focus for the next 10 years and beyond should be for viral hepatitis elimination. Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem. In this Viewpoint, we asked a selection of scientists and clinicians working in the viral hepatitis field to provide their opinions on progress and pitfalls towards the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination goals. Andrea L. Cox is currently a Professor of Medicine, Oncology, and Immunology at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA. Her research and clinical interests focus on hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus and HIV, including mechanisms through which these chronic viral infections stimulate and evade immune responses. Manal H. El-Sayed is Professor of Paediatrics and director of the Clinical Research Centre at the Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. She is a founding member of the Egyptian National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis since 2006. She is the secretary general of the Egyptian Liver Care Society (NGO) and board member of the EASL International Liver Foundation. Jia-Horng Kao is the Chair Professor of the Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine at the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. He has published more than 550 articles on the prevention, natural history, molecular virology, pathogenesis and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and liver cancer. He is currently the Steering Council member of The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL). Jeffrey V. Lazarus is head of the Health Systems and Infectious Diseases team at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) and an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain. He is Vice-Chairman of the board of the EASL International Liver Foundation, where he leads the work on the microelimination of hepatitis C. Maud Lemoine is Professor and Honorary Consultant in Hepatology at Imperial College London, UK. Her research interests are mainly related to viral hepatitis in resource-limited countries, where she developed expertise on screening and management of patients with viral hepatitis. She is the head of the PROLIFICA
 (Prevention of Liver Fibrosis and Cancer in Africa) programme and the chief investigator and co-investigator of several studies and interventions on the prevention and management of viral hepatitis B and C in West and East Africa. Anna S. Lok is a Professor of Internal Medicine, Director of Clinical Hepatology, and Assistant Dean for Clinical Research at the University of Michigan, USA. She has published more than 550 articles on viral hepatitis and liver diseases including five editions of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines on hepatitis B and the first edition of the World Health Organization guidelines on hepatitis B. Fabien Zoulim is Professor of Medicine at Lyon University, Head of the Hepatology Department at the Hospices Civils de Lyon, and Head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory at INSERM U1052, France. He is currently coordinating the ANRS “HBV cure” programme in France and the “IP-cure-B” project funded by the EU H2020 work programme. He co-founded the International Coalition to Eliminate HBV
 (ICE-HBV).

/pdf/progress-towards-elimination-goals-for-viral-hepatitis-edvssby57b.pdf

Progress towards elimination goals for viral hepatitis

Global reporting of progress towards elimination of hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

In the 1970s, an unknown virus was suspected for documented cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis, a phenomenon called non-A, non-B hepatitis. In 1989, the infectious transmissible agent was identified and named hepatitis C virus (HCV) and, soon enough, the first diagnostic HCV antibody test was developed, which led to a dramatic decrease in new infections. Today, HCV infection remains a global health burden and a major cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. However, tremendous advances have been made over the decades, and HCV became the first curable, chronic viral infection. The introduction of direct antiviral agents revolutionized antiviral treatment, leading to viral eradication in more than 98% of all patients infected with HCV. This Perspective discusses the history of HCV research, which reads like a role model for successful translational research: starting from a clinical observation, specific therapeutic agents were developed, which finally were implemented in national and global elimination programmes. 

/pdf/breakthroughs-in-hepatitis-c-research-from-discovery-to-cure-1dyf8cik.pdf

Breakthroughs in hepatitis C research: from discovery to cure

Screening Program to Eliminate Hepatitis C in Egypt In 2018, the Egyptian government initiated a massive hepatitis C screening and treatment program. The Ministry of Health set the goal of screenin...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsr1912628

Screening and Treatment Program to Eliminate Hepatitis C in Egypt

Nationwide hepatitis C virus screening and treatment of adolescents in Egyptian schools.

Abstract Obesity is a global health problem and has been increasing in Egypt over the last several decades. A national population screening program for hepatitis C included screening for obesity. Here we report the outcome of body mass index (BMI) calculation for the screened population and for patients with hepatitis C. Methods Adults 18 years and older (a target population of 62.5 million) were invited to participate in a screening program between October 2018 and April 2019. Persons had their BMI calculated. All data were entered in real-time to a central database via cellular networks. BMI data for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection before starting direct antiviral therapy were obtained from the National Committee for the Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) Findings 49.6 million persons (25.6 million females and 24.0 million males) voluntarily participated and had valid height and weight data. 12.7 million females (49.51%) and 7.09 million males (29.53%) were affected by obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m 2 ). Obesity increased with age, was more prevalent in females, was more prevalent in the Nile Delta states and in urban areas. Detailed district-level prevalence for the whole country is identified. Prevalence of obesity among 335,504 patients with HCV was higher in females, increased with age, and was significantly lower overall and in males and females than in the screened general population. Conclusion This is the largest population screening program for obesity. We show that obesity prevalence in the general population is currently among the highest in the world, starting in young adults, and highlight the high prevalence areas. Prevalence is lower in patients with HCV. 

pdf/obesity-prevalence-in-adults-and-patients-with-hepatitis-c-53fyt3xhvb.pdf

Obesity prevalence in adults and patients with hepatitis C: results from screening a population of 50 million in Egypt

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Screening and Treatment Program to Eliminate Hepatitis C in Egypt

Nationwide hepatitis C virus screening and treatment of adolescents in Egyptian schools.

Obesity prevalence in adults and patients with hepatitis C: results from screening a population of 50 million in Egypt