Numerical modeling and analysis of the thermal behavior of NCM lithium-ion batteries subjected to very high C-rate discharge/charge operations

Summary
This paper presents a degradation testing of a lithium-ion battery developed using real world drive cycles obtained from an electric vehicle (EV). For this, a data logger was installed in the EV, and real world drive cycle data were collected. The EV battery system consists of 3 lithium-ion battery packs with a total of 20 battery modules in series. Each module contains 6 series by 49 parallel lithium-ion cells. The vehicle was driven in the province of Ontario, Canada, and several drive cycles were recorded over a 3-month period. However, only 4 drive cycles with statistical analysis are reported in this paper. The reported drive cycles consist of different modes: acceleration, constant speed, and deceleration in both highway and city driving at −6°C, 2°C, 10°C, and 23°C ambient temperatures with all accessories on. Additionally, individual cell characterization was conducted using a C/25 (0.8A) charge-discharge cycle and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC). The Thevenin battery model was constructed in MATLAB along with an empirical degradation model and validated in terms of voltage and SOC for all drive cycles reported. The presented model closely estimated the profiles observed in the experimental data. Data collected from the drive cycles showed that a 4.6% capacity fade occurred over the 3 months of driving. The empirical degradation model was fitted to these data, and an extrapolation estimated that 20% capacity fade would occur after 900 daily drive cycles.

Cycling degradation testing and analysis of a LiFePO4 battery at actual conditions

• Thermal runaway characterization mechanisms are discussed. • Models and predictions strategies related to thermal runaway are summarized. • Thermal runaway prevention is explained. • Thermal runaway is still a challenging problem in electric vehicle applications. Lithium-ion batteries are widely considered the leading candidate energy source for powering electric vehicles due to their high energy and power densities. The thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is the phenomenon of chain exothermic reactions within the battery. These reactions cause a sharp rise in the internal battery temperature causing the inner structures of the battery to destabilize and degrade, which eventually leads to the failure of the battery. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the key aspects of the thermal runaway processes, which consists of thermal runaway initiation mechanisms, thermal runaway propagation, and the characterization of vented gases during the thermal runaway process. Thermal runaway is a major safety concern; therefore, the development of mathematical and numerical models to predict thermal runaway is reviewed, which provides useful data to design and develop battery packs with thermal runaway safety features. Furthermore, the development of effective battery thermal management systems is discussed, which is essential to prevent thermal runaway initiation. Finally, mitigation strategies are reviewed, which are developed to contain and minimize damages when thermal runaway occurs. 

A review of thermal runaway prevention and mitigation strategies for lithium-ion batteries

Thermal behavior and electrochemical heat generation in a commercial 40 Ah lithium ion pouch cell

A mathematical model has been used to investigate the thermal characteristics of a lithium-ion cell during medium and high rate discharge conditions. The model includes an anode (carbon) decomposition chemical reaction in addition to the ohmic heat, the heat relieved to the ambient and the sensible heat. This work describes how various design parameters affect the predicted heating rate of a Li x C 6 /Li y NiO 2 cell, and presents the critical value of the activation energy for the decomposition reaction of the anode (carbon) that may cause a significant rise in the temperature of the cell. The predicted results show that the particle size in the negative (Osaka Gas Mesophase Microbead MCMB 25-10 petroleum coke) electrode is an important parameter in the heating rate of the cell for high and moderately high discharge rates in the system described.

Influence of some design variables on the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion cell

SUMMARY

Thermal modeling of temperature rise in high-power Li-ion battery cells and modules is presented here. Simulation results are validated by experiments. Results indicate that entropy heat generation plays a significant role in heat generation of Li-ion battery cells and should be included in simulation as a function of state of charge (SOC). Simulation results utilizing measured overpotential resistance and entropy heat generation provide the best fit when compared to experimental results. Resistance data provided by supplier shows significant difference compared with measured data and should be critically examined for any module design purposes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thermal simulation of high-power Li-ion battery with LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cathode on cell and module levels

Thermal Design of Li-ion battery cells/modules is necessary to ensure better cycle lifetime of the batteries. High power batteries (40Ah–100Ah) generate a significant amount of heat which needs to be dissipated somehow. In this work thermal experiments and simulation are utilized for better thermal design of battery module. The results indicate that liquid cooling is almost indispensible for high power battery modules. This methodology also ensures that the waiting period for battery cool down can also be reduced significantly which helps in better and proper utilization of the batteries.

Thermal investigation of a battery module for work machines

Thermal Design of Li-ion battery cells/modules is necessary to ensure better cycle lifetime of the batteries. High power batteries (40Ah-100Ah) generate a significant amount of heat which needs to be dissipated somehow. In this work thermal experiments and simulation are utilized for better thermal design of battery module. The results indicate that liquid cooling is almost indispensible for high power battery modules. This methodology also ensures that the waiting period for battery cool down can also be reduced significantly which helps in better and proper utilization of the batteries.

Battery Module for Work Machines

SUMMARY
While in use, battery modules and battery packs generate large amounts of heat, which needs to be accounted for. The main challenge in battery thermal management is the correct estimation of heat generation in the battery cell during charging/discharging. In this paper, a method to calculate accurate heat generation in one individual cell is provided. The heat generation is calculated by measuring the overpotential resistances with four different methods and entropic heat generation in the cell. The effect and contribution of entropic heat generation towards the total heat generation in the cell are also calculated and measured. Finally, calorimeter tests are carried out to compare the calculated and measured heat generation. The results indicate that except for direct current resistance measured by impedance spectroscopy, all the overpotential resistances are very close to each other. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Heat generation in high power prismatic Li-ion battery cell with LiMnNiCoO2 cathode material

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Thermal simulation of high-power Li-ion battery with LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cathode on cell and module levels

Thermal investigation of a battery module for work machines

Battery Module for Work Machines

Heat generation in high power prismatic Li-ion battery cell with LiMnNiCoO2 cathode material