In rapidly developing countries such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), where the construction of buildings and supporting infrastructure is critical to achieving strategic developmental milestones, delays to capital projects can derail other sectors of the economy and could derail the Vision 2030 agenda. Attempts have been made over the years to explore the causes of construction project delays, including those in Saudi Arabia. Many of these studies are either outdated, narrow in scope, or tend to use only qualitative data, and not many have focused on the client-related delay factors affecting projects critical to Vision 2030. This study investigates client-related delay factors in terms of their correlation with key characteristics of recently completed construction projects in KSA. This objective necessitated the use of historical data; hence, an archival analysis was conducted for 37 projects among three different public sector ministries. The data were subjected to manual extraction, descriptive statistical analysis, and the use of established models such as schedule performance index (SPI) and cost performance index (CPI), and inferential (correlation) in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) using point-biserial correlation coefficient (rpb, where p > 0.05) to explore association and impact of project characteristics on themselves and on client-related causes of delay. Results revealed eight unique client-related causes of delay, with SPI values of 0.71 to 0.82, as well as CPI values ranging from 0.84 to 0.89, suggesting very poor time and cost performance across all projects, as well as the magnitude of correlation of key project characteristics (cost, duration, additional time, and additional cost) with the eight client-related causes of delay. The findings can help the client (authorities) understand and curb delays that are due to their own making, and it is recommended that such delay factors, whose likelihood are now established and whose potential impact can be measured against key project characteristics, be developed into a delay risk impact tool. International joint ventures can bring technical expertise for Vision 2030, but they cannot eliminate delays due to government practices.

/pdf/exploring-the-nature-and-impact-of-client-related-delays-on-3bbzhfq4.pdf

Exploring the Nature and Impact of Client-Related Delays on Contemporary Saudi Construction Projects

Metro systems have been in use for over 150 years, and new metro lines are still being constructed, either as new metro systems or as expansions of existing metro networks. In many cities the metro system is an essential form of transport to keep the cities functioning. This overview compares the findings of various international studies on metro construction and operation, and the impact that metro systems have on cities. The uncertainties inherent in underground construction, with sometimes uncertain hydro-geological conditions and impacts from nearby existing construction projects, are often apparent during metro construction, and have been widely studied. Similarly, passenger comfort and safety during operation is a topic that has received widespread attention, with the main focus on fire safety, as fire poses the most dangerous risk during operation. More recently, passenger comfort related to indoor air quality and aerodynamic effects has received increased attention. The vulnerability of the running stock and the metro network is a significant factor when determining the safety and efficiency of the metro system. Metro efficiency and reliability have a major impact on the transport, economic, environmental and social aspects of cities. Even though they are designed as separated own-right-of-way transport systems, metro systems strongly influence urban development and drive spatial changes in land use. The combination of metro systems with other urban functions provides great potential for the development of urban underground space and the development of more resilient and efficient urban areas. This in turn has an impact on housing prices and produces wider economic benefits beyond the city. Metro systems have also been shown to affect travel behaviour and have a positive impact on public health and environmental quality, by reducing pollution and emissions, despite the large concentration of passengers present in the metro, which brings its own problems. After an overview of the leading and more recent research topics in these areas, the key research gaps are discussed and recommendations for future research are made. 

Metro systems: Construction, operation and impacts

Project schedule delay has been recognized as a significant cause to the failure of a project. A large number of studies on this particular issue have been documented. Mainly, identifying and ranking significant factors that lead to the delay of a project. These studies have relied on generic professionals’ viewpoints. Rare studies have been dedicated to the empirical analysis of the influencing factors from the perspective of management and their functions. Using the logistic regression model and 195 completed construction projects’ data, this study reveals that construction planning, construction schedule controlling, construction schedule directing, and project finance organizing have significantly positive effects on project schedule. The findings of this study will provide a beneficial approach for construction management to deliver projects on time, improving construction project productivity.

https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/6/2/26/pdf

Empirical Analysis of a Management Function’s Failures in Construction Project Delay

Schedule delays in construction projects are often a major concern and considered as a global phenomenon in the construction industry. In regard to project delivery, lack of senior management support is one of the main issues that impact project outcomes. This empirical research study aims to investigate the moderating effect of senior management support on the relationship between schedule delay factors and project performance. A questionnaire survey method was adopted to collect data from project directors, project managers, civil and construction engineers, project supervisors and experts from small, medium and large construction companies from major cities in Pakistan. A response rate of 84% was obtained based on 310 valid responses from a sample of 368 potential participants that received the survey. The cross sectional data were used to test direct relationships and moderating effect through regression analysis and ‘process’ method, respectively. The findings indicate that schedule delays in construction projects occur due to lack of commitment, insufficient site management, poor site coordination, lack of clarity in project scope, lack of communication and substandard contracts, in addition to major delays owing to improper planning. Moreover, the relationship between schedule delay factors and project performance is moderated by all dimensions of senior management support, i.e. providing resources, structural arrangements, communication, expertise and power.

Moderating Effect of Senior Management Support on the Relationship Between Schedule Delay Factors and Project Performance

Considering the significance of project consultants in the delivery of sustainable housing, it is imperative to recognize the performance of Saudi Arabian-based consultants as a critical factor in the delay of construction projects. However, most of the related literatures focus more on project owners and contractors. Thus, this study examined the relationship between consultant-related delay factors affecting sustainable housing development in Saudi Arabia. The Content Analysis was combined with an expert-driven survey to determine the critical consultant related delay factors while the results were analyzed using the AHP and DEMATEL techniques. Lack of communication between consultant and contractor was the most crucial consultant related delay factor affecting timely completion of mass housing development in Saudi Arabia. The outcomes of this paper are important to practitioners and policymakers to support the establishment of sustainable strategies for mitigating the impact of construction projects delay associated with the consultants and in turn enhance the efficiency of project team members in timely delivery of projects and promoting sustainable housing development in Saudi Arabia. While the outcomes of this study are predominantly based on issues peculiar to the local construction sector, the study findings may perhaps be applicable to construction sectors in other developing countries. 

AHP-DEMATEL modelling of consultant related delay factors affecting sustainable housing construction in Saudi Arabia

Creation of large healthcare infrastructure facilities involves complex construction projects. These complex projects face the risk of poor delivery in terms of time adherence and end up in delays. Identification of sector-specific factors of delay at a regional level can help with timely delivery of projects. This paper intends to investigate the challenges in the construction of hospitals in India. The study was based on a qualitative approach and used content analysis to investigate the factors responsible for the delay. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to collect the data from project managers, architects, site engineers, service consultants, and administrative heads. A list of the six most critical factors of the delay was derived. The delay factors in the Indian healthcare construction were compared with the findings of similar investigations conducted in other developing countries. The findings of the study can benefit the project managers and organizations to efficiently manage the construction of similar projects and help in the reduction of instances of delay. The learnings from the study apply to healthcare projects in the regions with similar challenges. Furthermore, the subject demands region-specific investigations.

/pdf/delay-factors-in-construction-of-healthcare-infrastructure-41hq59qwlh.pdf

Delay factors in construction of healthcare infrastructure projects: a comparison amongst developing countries

Purpose of the study:World over, transportation infrastructure projects face delays in commissioning and India is no exception. This study is carried out with an objective to specifically identify the critical delay factors in the commissioning of metro rail projects in India.
Methodology: A questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the major causes of delay from the opinion of clients, contractors and consultants. Calculation of Relative Importance Index (RII) for the shortlisted factors yielded the ranking. The ranking by various categories of respondents was analysed using Spearman’s rank coefficient.
Main Findings:The study concluded in identification of 10 most critical delay-factors from a list of 49 shortlisted factors spread across 7 categories. The identified factors included: (1) Delay in land acquisition and site handover to contractor, (2) Shifting of utilities and contingency works, (3) Scope change, (4)Delay in payments, (5) Effects of unforeseen subsurface and changing ground condition, (6) Shortage of construction materials in the market, (7) Delays in design approvals and decision making, (8) Shortage of labour, (9) Lack of data collection and survey before design, and (10) Delay in obtaining permits from local body.
Implications: Project management interventions based on the identified critical factors of delay can improve the delivery of upcoming metro rail projects in terms of schedule compliance.
Applications of this study:The Application of suitable course correction measures targeting the critical factors can result in mitigation of delays.
Novelty/Originality of this study:The study is one of its kind attempt to investigate all the commissioned metro rail projects in India for analyzing delays in the Indian urban rail sector.

Identification of critical factors for delay in metro rail projects in india

Development of a nation is directly related to the accomplishment of public infrastructure projects. They cater to the objectives of sector-specific demand and accrue benefits in other related fields. These architectural engineering projects contribute to the overall development, which is complex to measure in tangible terms alone, but call for establishing indicators for measuring intangible benefits as well. Delay in projects is considered to affect the tangible cost benefits. It is, however, a limited perception of delay consequences. The cost of delay (CoD), therefore, can be determined by considering the overall impact of tangible and intangible benefits of such projects. This paper brings out the framework for determining the CoD for the selected case study of a metro rail project. It reflects the consequences of delay in overall development prospects and high-level infrastructure objectives by establishing the CoD. The cost thus established can serve as the basis for mobilizing additional resources and strategic decision making in the best interest of overall benefits. The outcome of the study creates an opportunity to manage metro rail projects by mitigating the negative consequences of time overruns.

Methodology for Estimating the Cost of Delay in Architectural Engineering Projects: Case of Metro Rails in India

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Delay factors in construction of healthcare infrastructure projects: a comparison amongst developing countries

Identification of critical factors for delay in metro rail projects in india

Methodology for Estimating the Cost of Delay in Architectural Engineering Projects: Case of Metro Rails in India