The escalating demands of high-frequency applications demands the development of dielectric materials with low relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for efficient signal propagation. In light of the prevailing challenges and barriers, this article delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying the dielectric constants of low-k polymer composites while highlighting the challenges associated with their utilization. This study discusses the importance of consistent performance across various frequencies, processing conditions, and filler-matrix compatibility in dielectric properties. It also discusses the impact of thermal conductivity on dielectric behavior, the challenges of controlling porosity, moisture reduction implications, and the significance of haze in low-k and loss dielectric materials for high-frequency applications. The review also explores the impact of scattering and light transmission on material performance. Finally, this study outlines the utilization of various low-k polymer composites, including Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyimide (PI), Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC), Perfluoroalkoxy’s (PFA), & Poly(benzoxazoles) (PBO) to highlight their potential applications in high-frequency scenarios. By comprehensively investigating the dielectric constant and related challenges in low-k polymer composites, this study article aims to contribute to understanding and advancing materials for high-frequency applications. The insights provided herein offer valuable guidance for researchers, engineers, and manufacturers in the ongoing pursuit of efficient and reliable dielectric materials for the modern high-frequency electronic packaging industries. 

Polymer-based low dielectric constant and loss materials for high-speed communication network: Dielectric constants and challenges

The construction of the future energy structure of China under the 2050 carbon-neutral vision requires compact direct current (DC) gas-insulation equipment as important nodes and solutions to support electric power transmission and distribution of long-distance and large-capacity. This paper reviews China's 10-year progress in DC gas-insulated equipment. Important progresses in basic research and industry perspective are presented, with related scientific issues and technical bottlenecks being discussed. The progress in DC gas-insulated equipment worldwide (Europe, Japan, America) is also reported briefly. 

/pdf/china-s-10-year-progress-in-dc-gas-insulated-equipment-from-1n0pl0qg.pdf

China's 10-year progress in DC gas-insulated equipment: From basic research to industry perspective

A denoising method combined with singular value decomposition (SVD) and Variational mode decomposition (VMD) is proposed to eliminate noise in on-site partial discharge (PD) signals from high-voltage electrical equipment. In the Fourier transform power spectrum, periodic narrowband interference was eliminated after SVD was offered to determine the number of singular values of periodic narrowband interference. Then, the PD signal was decomposed into K intrinsic mode function components by VMD. The empirical mode decomposition method was used to determine the K value of white noise’s intrinsic mode function components. An improved 3σ criterion threshold method was proposed to eliminate the residual noise in the PD signal. The denoising method was compared with the other two methods to analyze the denoising effect on the simulation and experimental PD signal. This paper’s denoising method can eliminate periodic narrowband interference and white noise in different PD signals of cavity discharge, corona discharge, and those from the motors’ coil. The denoised PD pulse waveform has a higher signal-to-noise ratio and normalized correlation coefficient and a lower mean square error, indicating that the waveform’s original characteristic remains. 

A denoising method of partial discharge signal based on improved SVD-VMD

Metamaterials have received widespread attention for their unique properties and broad application prospects. With inspiration from bamboo, metamaterials can be rationally designed to achieve anisotropic functionality. Using a combination of 3-D printing and subsequent hot pressing of dual-curing composites, we describe a simple method for creating well-aligned silicon carbide (SiC) whisker (SiC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\text {w}}{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> composites that mimic bamboo and have achievable anisotropic thermal conductivity (TC), dielectric properties (DP), and flashover performances (FPs). The anisotropic structure is proved by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations. At the low loading of 8 vol% SiCw, the axial TC of the structured composites can reach 0.655 W <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{-{1}}\,\,\text{K}^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , whereas the radial TC is only 0.281 W <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}^{-{1}}\,\,\text{K}^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , with a high anisotropic TC ratio of 2.33. Strong anisotropy in the dielectric constant was also observed with the permittivity of 134 along the axial direction versus that of 65 along the radial direction at 1 kHz, with a high anisotropic DP ratio of 2.06. Notably, metamaterials exhibit significant anisotropy in both their surface conductivity and flashover voltage (FV), with a high conductivity ratio of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 10000. The FV in the diametrical direction is six times that in the axial direction and 60% higher than that of the neat resin. This study shows that this approach is anticipated to offer a new path for the creation of high-performance functionally anisotropic materials to meet the diversified requirements of modern electronics. 

Design of Bioinspired Highly Aligned Bamboo-Mimetic Metamaterials With Structural and Functional Anisotropy

Compared to the traditional aircraft, electrification of power system in aircraft has potential to revolutionise the aviation industry. Typically, more ‐ electric aircraft (MEA), even all ‐ electric aircraft has been developed and delivered to decrease the greenhouse gas emission and increase the energy efficiency. The next generation of MEA will operate at high voltage to facilitate the transfer of significant levels of electrical power in an electrified aircraft. However, the higher voltage inevitably leads to an increased risk to the insulation of the electrical components and power system. This study aims to provide a critical overview of the insulation challenges from the perspective of electrified aircraft, typically MEA application. The development of MEA and the special working conditions are explained at the beginning. Then the insulation challenges of power modules, electric machines, aeronautical cables etc. are discussed in detail. Finally, the existing technical barriers and future prospects of insulation for electrified aircraft are summarised. It provides a reference for the future design and test in power system of next generation MEA and related electrified air transportations.

A review on insulation challenges towards electrification of aircraft

The 2050 carbon-neutral vision spawns a novel energy structure revolution, and the construction of the future energy structure is based on equipment innovation. Insulating material, as the core of electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset, faces unprecedented challenges and opportunities. The goal of carbon neutral and the urgent need for innovation in electric power equipment and electrification assets are first discussed. The engineering challenges constrained by the insulation system in future electric power equipment/devices and electrified transportation assets are investigated. Insulating materials, including intelligent insulating material, high thermal conductivity insulating material, high energy storage density insulating material, extreme environment resistant insulating material, and environmental-friendly insulating material, are categorised with their scientific issues, opportunities and challenges under the goal of carbon neutrality being discussed. In the context of carbon neutrality, not only improves the understanding of the insulation problems from a macro level, that is, electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset, but also offers opportunities, remaining issues and challenges from the insulating material level. It is hoped that this paper envisions the challenges regarding design and reliability of insulations in electrical equipment and electric vehicles in the context of policies towards carbon neutrality rules. The authors also hope that this paper can be helpful in future development and research of novel insulating materials, which promote the realisation of the carbon-neutral vision. 

/pdf/insulating-materials-for-realising-carbon-neutrality-2ym29t1u.pdf

Insulating materials for realising carbon neutrality: Opportunities, remaining issues and challenges

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Insulating materials for realising carbon neutrality: Opportunities, remaining issues and challenges