Foliar spray of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanosensors, and nanocarriers is increasingly being employed in the agricultural industry. Foliar spraying of NPs improves the effectiveness of plant protection technologies compared to traditional soil–root application. Foliar-sprayed NPs mainly enter the leaves through stomata and are transported to different plant parts via apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Foliar NPs enhance defenses and resistance against pests and diseases and improve the yield and quality of crops. However, the mechanisms of damage caused by foliar NPs need further elucidation. Moreover, important factors limiting foliage uptake of NPs such as wax deposits on leaf surfaces, environmental factors (e.g., light, temperature, and humidity), and physical and chemical properties of NPs should be investigated to further improve this technology.

Foliar application of nanoparticles: mechanisms of absorption, transfer, and multiple impacts

Bioavailability and translocation of metal oxide nanoparticles in the soil-rice plant system

Increasing agricultural production has become one of the key components to bridge the gap between securing food resources and sustainable development goals (SDGs), namely, no poverty, zero hunger, preservation of natural resources (water and energy), combating climate change and its impacts, and halting the loss of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. In this regard, the crucial role of nanotechnology in modern farming is emphasized as an efficient means to develop “precision farming” systems. It can play a potent role in promoting sustainable agriculture, improving nutrient utilization, and mitigating climate change and environmental pollution. Particularly, nanotechnology-enabled products such as “smart nano-delivery capsules” offer new opportunities for controlled slow release of diverse deliverables (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and micronutrients) in compliance with the needs of plants under specific environmental stimuli responses. In this framework, this review explores the basic properties, application benefits, and future directions of nanotechnology in agricultural economics, particularly for promoting crop growth and soil reclamation under the umbrella of SDG targets. All obstacles for applying agri-nanotech products (agri-NPs) in farming have been identified and discussed, considering their life cycle assessment (LCA) in soil and plants. Emphasis has been made on evaluating the impacts of various nanotech products on crop growth in reference to traditional market technologies. Besides, this review work discusses the benefits of nanobiochar and nanobubbles as viable alternative natural nanotech products to promote crop physiology, alleviate environmental pollution, and sequester carbon in the soil. This work also summarizes the technical aspects associated with the conversion of agricultural biomass wastes into affordable biofuels. It also highlights regulations, legislative policies, and economic outputs to strengthen the public awareness and acceptance of nanotechnologies in agro-environmental fields. The opportunities and challenges in these topics are discussed to help actively develop and implement nano-enabled products in agriculture and related industries.

Advancements of nanotechnologies in crop promotion and soil fertility: Benefits, life cycle assessment, and legislation policies

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great attention in agriculture due to their diverse use, however, their release and persistence in the environment are inevitable. The unintentional release of NPs in the environment poses a threat to farming. The unique physicochemical properties of NPs enable them to easily interact with biomolecules and pathways. Therefore, they are capable of inducing oxidative stress followed by interference with the plant growth and induce genotoxicity. On the other hand, some NPs have huge potential to ameliorate stress, promote growth, and enhance the yield performance of the crops. This review has covered such key aspects of NPs and has also covered the emerging applications, challenges, and future prospects.

Nanoparticles induced stress and toxicity in plants

The physiochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), including surface charge, will affect their uptake, transformation, translocation, and final fate in the environment. In this study, we compared the phytoxoxicity and transport behaviors of nano CeO2 (nCeO2) functionalized with positively charged (Cs-nCeO2) and negatively charged (PAA-nCeO2) coatings. Cucumber seedlings were hydroponically exposed to 0-1000 mg/L of Cs-nCeO2 and PAA-nCeO2 for 14 days and the contents, distribution, translocation, and transformation of Ce in plants were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), respectively. Results showed that the seedling growth and Ce contents in plant tissues were functions of exposure concentrations and surface charge. Cs-nCeO2 was adsorbed strongly on a negatively charged root surface, which led to significantly higher Ce contents in the roots and lower translocation factors of Ce from the roots to shoots in Cs-nCeO2 group than in PAA-nCeO2 group. The results of μ-XRF showed that Ce elements were mainly accumulated at the root tips and lateral roots, as well as in the veins and at the edge of leaves. XANES results revealed that the proportion of Ce(III) was comparable in the plant tissues of the two groups. We speculated that Cs-nCeO2 and PAA-nCeO2 were partially dissolved under the effect of root exudates, releasing Ce3+ ions as a result. Then, the Ce3+ ions were transported upward in the form of Ce(III) complexes along the vascular bundles and eventually accumulated in the veins. The other portion of Cs-nCeO2 and PAA-nCeO2 entered the roots through the gap of a Casparian strip at root tips/lateral roots and was transported upward as intact NPs and finally accumulated at the edge of the blade. This study will greatly advance our information on how the properties of NPs influence their phytotoxicity, uptake, and subsequent trophic transfer in terrestrial food webs.

Influence of Surface Charge on the Phytotoxicity, Transformation, and Translocation of CeO 2 Nanoparticles in Cucumber Plants

The trophic transfer and transformation of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through a simulated terrestrial food chain were investigated using a radiotracer technique and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Radioactive 141CeO2 NPs were applied to head lettuce (Lactuca sativa), treated via root exposure in its potting soil (5.5 or 11 mg/plant) for 30 days or foliar exposure (7.2 mg/plant, with half of the leaves treated and the other half not) for 7 days. Subsequently, two groups of land snails (Achatina fulica) were exposed to 141Ce via either a direct (i.e., feeding on the lettuce leaves with 141Ce-contaminated surfaces) or an indirect/trophic (i.e., feeding on the lettuce leaves with systemically distributed 141Ce) route. To evaluate the influence of exposure routes, the Ce contents of the lettuce, snail tissues, and feces were determined by radioactivity measurements. The results show that both assimilation efficiencies (AEs) and food ingestion rates of Ce are greater for the trophic (indirect) expos...

Trophic transfer and transformation of CeO2 nanoparticles along a terrestrial food chain: influence of exposure routes

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Trophic transfer and transformation of CeO2 nanoparticles along a terrestrial food chain: influence of exposure routes