In recent years, pathogenic microorganisms have caused significant mortality rates and antibiotic resistance and triggered exorbitant healthcare costs. These pathogens often have high transmission rates within human populations. Rapid diagnosis is crucial in controlling and reducing the spread of pathogenic infections. The diagnostic methods currently used against individuals infected with these pathogens include relying on outward symptoms, immunological-based and, some biomolecular ones, which mainly have limitations such as diagnostic errors, time-consuming processes, and high-cost platforms. Electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective pathogen detection. These bio-electrochemical platforms have been optimized for diagnostic purposes by incorporating advanced materials (mainly nanomaterials), biomolecular technologies, and innovative designs. This review classifies electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors developed between 2021 and 2023 based on their use of different nanomaterials, such as gold-based, carbon-based, and others that employed other innovative assemblies without the use of nanomaterials. Inspecting the diagnostic features of various sensing platforms against pathogenic analytes can identify research gaps and open new avenues for exploration. 

Recent advances in electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors for the detection of pathogens

Pathogenic bacteria can result in food-borne illnesses and pose serious risks to both human health and business. The most common pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites include Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, etc. Microfluidic devices are tiny, straightforward, automatic tools that analyse a tiny amount of liquid, and have microchannels ranging from submicron to a few millimetres. It can be also useful for the detection of food-borne pathogens. Due to their excellent efficacy and practicality in contrast to conventional techniques, microfluidic devices have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. Since it has been established that the conventional hazard-based strategy for food safety management systems is ineffective, leading authorities and organizations are now advocating a risk-based approach. In this case, a system for managing food safety should be developed that enables the estimation of the health risks associated with food intake as well as the identification, choice, and implementation of risk mitigation measures. To produce safer and fresh foods without affecting the sensory qualities of the food, it is becoming more and more standard practice to preserve foods using a combination of two or more natural antimicrobials or with other stresses. The creation of biological control systems utilizing natural antimicrobials that successfully prevented bacterial growth in foods made improvements in food safety. Also, creating novel anti-virulence chemicals may, in the remote future, prove to be a revolutionary way to preserve food. 

An Overview of Food-Borne Pathogenic Microbes: Classification, Mode of Actions, and Recent Advances in Strategies for Management of Food-Borne Pathogens

Microbial biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for early cancer detection and disease monitoring. This study aimed to investigate microbial biomarkers and sex-associated differences in gut microbiota associated with thyroid cancer (TC). A total of 268 participants were recruited: 60 females with TC, 26 males with TC, and 182 healthy controls. The patient and healthy groups were comparable in terms of age and sex ratio. We first compared the gut microbiota between the patients and healthy participants, followed by sex-specific analyses: female patients vs. female controls, and male patients vs. male controls. Predictive models were used to explore the role of gut microbiota in predicting TC. Correlations between gut microbiota and T stage (i.e., T1 to Tx) were also investigated. The alpha and beta diversities differed between the patients and healthy participants. Sex-specific analysis demonstrated that Blautia and Alistipes were the dominant bacteria shared by both female and male patients. A 25.0% overlap in dominant bacteria was found between the male and female patients. The unique dominant bacteria in female patients constituted 43.8% (7/16) and mainly included Schaalia, Moraxella and Alicyclobacillus. In male patients, the unique dominant bacteria constituted 55.6% (10/18) and included Holdemanella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto, and Senegalimassilia. Regardless of sex, Catenibacterium was the distinguishing feature between patients and healthy participants (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.911). When combined with Aquabacterium and Dialister, the predictive accuracy increased (AUC = 0.992). Male and female patients exhibited both shared and distinct sex-specific microbiota compositions, potentially influenced by hormonal regulation, immune responses, and metabolic differences. These variations may contribute to differences in TC susceptibility and progression. The findings underscore the need for further research to confirm the functional significance of the identified microbiota and explore their potential clinical applications. 

pdf/microbial-biomarkers-and-sex-associated-gut-microbiota-6mlgzg9c4wx4.pdf

Microbial biomarkers and sex-associated gut microbiota characteristics of thyroid cancer

Theoretical and practical aspects of risk communication in food safety: A review study

Microbiota and mycobiota in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of silicosis patients

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the protein efficiency ratio(PER) of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-Ma gene and parental corn.


METHODS
Sixty SD rats(60-80 g) were randomly divided into genetically modified corn group, parental corn group and casein control group, with 20 rats in each group and half male and half female. Casein was added to 10% of the diet in casein control group. When the protein content of the diets in the genetically modified corn group and parental corn group was still less than 10% according to the principle of maximum incorporation, the defective part was supplemented with casein. Rats were free to drink and eat for 28 days. Food intake and body weight of each group were recorded every week. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment to determine hematology and blood biochemical indexes. The main organs were weighed and organ/body weigh indexes were calculated. PER and corrected PER were calculated.


RESULTS
The body weight of all the animals in each group showed an increasing trend, and the weight growth was normal. Although there were statistical differences in the individual indexes of end-stage hematology and blood biochemical indexes, there was no biological significance. There were no significant change in the organ/body weigh indexes. PER of genetically modified corn, parental corn and casein were 2.01±0.22, 1.77±0.30 and 3.64±0.48, respectively. The corrected PER of genetically modified corn and parent corn were 1.38 and 1.22, respectively.


CONCLUSION
The PER of this batch of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-ma gene was better than that of parental corn, but worse than that of casein.

[Protein efficiency ratio of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-ma gene].

Genetic engineering has inserted the crystallin (Cry) gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into the genes of maize to cultivate a variety of transgenic insect-resistant maizes. At present, genetically modified maize with Cry1Ab-ma gene (maize CM8101) was in the stage of safety verification. In this study, a 1-year chronic toxicity test was carried out to evaluate the safety of maize CM8101. Wistar rats were selected for the experiment. Rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed the corresponding diets: genetically modified maize group (CM8101 group), parental maize group (Zheng58 group), and AIN group. Rat serum and urine were collected at the third, sixth, and twelfth months of the experiment, and viscera were collected at the end of the experiment for detection. Metabolomics was used to analyze the metabolites in the serum of rats at the 12th month. While the CM8101 group rats' diets were supplemented with 60% maize CM8101, no obvious poisoning symptoms were found in rats, and no poisoning death occurred. There were no negative effects on body weight, food intake, blood and urine indices, or organ histopathological examination results. Furthermore, metabolomics results revealed that, when compared to group differences, the gender of rats had a more obvious effect on metabolites. The CM8101 group primarily changed linoleic acid metabolism in female rats, while glyceropholipid metabolism was altered in male rats. In rats, consumption of maize CM8101 did not result in significant metabolic dysfunction.

Chronic Toxicity of Genetically Modified Maize with Cry1Ab-ma Gene and Its Effect on Serum Metabolites in Rats.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of
 salmonella
 Enteritidis isolated from two consecutive
 Food‐Poisoning
 outbreaks in Sichuan, China

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Papers

[Protein efficiency ratio of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-ma gene].

Chronic Toxicity of Genetically Modified Maize with Cry1Ab-ma Gene and Its Effect on Serum Metabolites in Rats.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of salmonella Enteritidis isolated from two consecutive Food‐Poisoning outbreaks in Sichuan, China