Growth in intermittent renewable sources including solar and wind has sparked increasing interest in electrical energy storage. Grid-scale energy storage integrated with renewable sources has significant advantages in energy regulation and grid security. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as a practically attractive option for electrical storage because of environmentally benign aqueous-based electrolytes, high theoretical capacity of Zn anode, and significant global reserves of Zn. However, application of AZIBs at the grid-scale is restricted by drawbacks in cathode material(s). Herein, a comprehensive summary of the features and storage mechanisms of the latest cathode materials is provided. The fundamental problems and corresponding in-depth causes for cathode materials is critically reviewed. It is also assess practical challenges, appraise their translation to commerce and industry, and systematically summarize and discuss the potential solutions reported in recent works. It is established necessary design strategies for Zn anodes and electrolytes that are matched with cathode materials for commercializing AZIBs. Finally, it is concluded with a perspective on the practical prospects for advancing the development of future AZIBs. Findings will be of interest and benefit to a range of researchers and manufacturers in the design and application of AZIBs for grid-scale energy storage. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adfm.202301291

Developing Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries: Challenges and Practical Prospects

Recent advances and perspectives on vanadium- and manganese-based cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries

Vanadium-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: Mechanism, design strategies and challenges

Cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: A mini review.

Towards high-performance cathodes: Design and energy storage mechanism of vanadium oxides-based materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries

Synergistic effects in V3O7/V2O5 composite material for high capacity and long cycling life aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries

Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have the advantages of environmental friendliness, safety, and simple assembly and have strong application potential in the field of energy storage. In this work, an amorphous carbon-loaded V₂O₃ (V₂O₃@AC) material is prepared by calcination and used as a cathode material for ZIBs. The V₂O₃@AC cathode has excellent stability and long life, which maintains 94.8 and 90.7% capacity retention after 180 cycles at 0.1 A g–¹ and after 1600 cycles at 1 A g–¹, respectively. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization, V₂O₃@AC is composed of small irregular nanoparticles, which have a lot of space for electrolyte penetration and ion transmission, and the kinetic studies also confirm this transport capability. The mechanism of zinc storage is studied by ex situ X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and SEM technology, and they confirm that V₂O₃ will undergo phase transition and become V₁₀O₂₄·12H₂O during the first charge process. Due to the high stability and cycle life of V₂O₃, we believe that it has competitive potential in zinc ion batteries and can play an important role in large-scale energy storage in the future.

V2O3@Amorphous Carbon as a Cathode of Zinc Ion Batteries with High Stability and Long Cycling Life

Industrial VN@reduced graphene oxide cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries with high rate capability and long cycle stability

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (RZIBs) have attracted wide attention due to their advantages of high safety, low cost, low toxicity, and high energy density of the zinc anode. However, due...

Granular Vanadium Nitride (VN) Cathode for High-Capacity and Stable Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) attract increasing attention due to their low cost, safety, environmental protection, and potential application in stationary energy storage. However, the realization of high discharge voltage, high cycle stability, and high energy density is still the main challenge. Herein, we report a highly stable V2O3 sample synthesized by the reduction method of boron with high-temperature molten salt. In this method, molten salt was used as solvent to react between solid and liquid, and the ion velocity is significantly accelerated; the reaction temperature and time are effectively reduced. The electrochemical performance results show that V2O3 can provide a maximum discharge specific capacity of 207 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The V2O3 electrode exhibits a high specific discharge capacity of 110 mAh g−1 after 2500 cycles at 3 A g−1; the capacity retention rate is 82.1%. Its electrochemical performance is obviously better than that of commercial V2O3. The electrochemical kinetic studies show that V2O3 electrode has a fast diffusion coefficient of zinc ions. This work provides an effective strategy to enhance the energy density and cycling stability of aqueous zinc ion-based batteries.

V2O3 as cathode of zinc ion battery with high stability and long cycling life

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