A avaliacao de acaros e colembolos edaficos tem ganhado atencao com vistas ao seu uso como indicadores biologicos da qualidade do solo devido as importantes funcoes desempenhadas por estes individuos no solo. As analises dos parâmetros ecologicos, destes individuos em solos sob sistemas agroflorestais, em comparacao com areas de vegetacao nativa (mata nativa), podem indicar direcionamentos da qualidade do solo com relacao ao manejo adotado. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a populacao de acaros e colembolos em uma area cultivada com um sistema agroflorestal, comparando-as com uma area de mata nativa, na Estacao Experimental Cascata-Embrapa Clima Temperado-Pelotas-RS. Para tal, amostras de solo foram coletadas com o auxilio de um cilindro metalico de volume conhecido, em tres camadas (0,00-0,10 m, 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m). As amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratorio de biologia do solo da UFPel para a extracao de acaros e colembolos, utilizando-se o metodo do funil de Tullgren. Apos o recolhimento dos organismos, estes foram identificados e contados como o auxilio de uma lupa. Foram capturados 441, 227 e 420 organismos edaficos nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 m, 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m, respectivamente. O solo sob area de mata nativa apresentou menor numero de individuos e indice de dominância em comparacao a area de solo sob sistema agroflorestal, mostrando que a diversidade de cobertura vegetal, bem como a sua incorporacao, proporcionada pelo sistema agroflorestal, pode influenciar positivamente na populacao de acaros e colembolos. O manejo da biomassa vegetal do sistema agroflorestal favorece a populacao de acaros e colembolos.

/pdf/bioindicadores-da-qualidade-do-solo-em-sistemas-r3yk3xncr0.pdf

Bioindicadores da qualidade do solo em sistemas agroflorestais

The ecological footprint (EF) model is an effective tool for determining whether natural assets are over-utilized. The traditional EF (TEF) model and its improved model which include the emergy ecological footprint (EEF) and net primary productivity ecological footprint (NPPEF) have been widely used, but some emergy data are hard to obtain and NPP data is not stable. Therefore, in this paper, a novel three-dimensional (3D) EF model with emergy and net primary productivity (3DEF-ENPP) is proposed. The Henan province of China was chosen as the research area and commonly used statistical yearbook data and NPP data were used which are easy to obtain. We expanded a 2D EF model to a 3D EF model and took advantage of emergy analysis and net primary productivity because they have stable energy parameters, can reflect the difference in bioproductivity of different land types, and are suitable for spatial and temporal analysis. Based on our model, we obtained a rectified emergy-based ecological footprint (REEF), an ecological capacity based on net primary productivity (RNPPEC), a rectified ecological deficit (RED), an ecological footprint intensity (EFI), an ecological coordination coefficient, and a 3D-EF, which can comprehensively reflect Henan’s ecological security status. The results show that: (1) The REEF and RNPPED obtained by our proposed model are more stable than those of the former method. (2) Henan’s RED has been negative and has a downward trend, which indicates the burden of human activities on the natural environment are becoming increasingly serious. (3) The EF is increasing with time, indicating that the consumption of natural resources in Henan is gradually increasing. High EF regions are mainly distributed in the northwestern area. Southeastern regions have relatively low EFs. (4) Capital flows cannot meet the needs of current social development in Henan province and it is in a state of unsustainable development. (5) The ecological stress index is at a safe state but is still at an ecological security warning level and Henan has good ecological coordination.

Henan Ecological Security Evaluation Using Improved 3D Ecological Footprint Model Based on Emergy and Net Primary Productivity

In order to control the development of urban space, it is important to explore scientific methods to provide a reference for regional territorial space planning. On the basis of the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and the cellular automaton (CA)-Markov model, we constructed a new technical method for delineating urban development boundaries, exploring the temporal and spatial distribution characteristic of land use in Wuhan from 2010 to 2020 through nighttime and remote sensing images, and simulating the urban development boundaries of Wuhan from 2025 to 2035. The results show that: (1) the scales of Wuhan City’s built-up areas in 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 500 km2, 566.13 km2, and 885.11 km2, respectively, and the trends of expansion run to the east and southeast, and (2) on the basis of the MCR model, the urban development boundary scale of Wuhan City in 2025, 2030, and 2035 from the perspective of actual supply will be 903.52 km2, 937.48 km2, and 1021.44 km2, respectively, and based on the CA-Markov model, the urban development boundary scales of Wuhan City in 2025, 2030, and 2035 from the perspective of ideal land demand will be 912.75 km2, 946.40 km2, and 1041.91 km2, respectively. By combining the results of the two methods, we determined areas of 901.62 km2, 944.39 km2, and 1015.36 km2 as the urban development boundaries of Wuhan City in 2025, 2030, and 2035, respectively. According to the principle of supply–demand balance, the urban development boundary delineated by the integration of the MCR model and CA-Markov model, which is in line with the spatial expansion trend of growing cities, could optimize the urban development pattern; solve the contradiction between urban development, farmland protection, and ecological protection; and provide a methodological reference and decision-making basis for planning practice.

/pdf/a-new-perspective-for-urban-development-boundary-delineation-3u2akvmo.pdf

A New Perspective for Urban Development Boundary Delineation Based on the MCR Model and CA-Markov Model

This study explores the driving forces of natural capital demand to help solve the new problems faced by China’s regional sustainable development and formulate relevant policies on resource utilization, ecological compensation, and energy structural adjustment. We find a significant and inverted U-shaped relationship between income and natural capital demand. Both economic development and environmental protection can only be improved beyond the inflection point. Energy efficiency is also closely related to natural capital demand, and its continuous improvement can slow down the rise in natural capital demand. This research provides important implications for the spread and allocation of natural capital regionally. It recommends the national allocation of natural capital, formulation of differentiated environmental policies, and improvement in energy efficiency by improving scale, technology, and structure.

Effect of income and energy efficiency on natural capital demand

Indonesia currently has 269 million people or 3.49% of the world’s total population and is ranked as the fourth most populous country in the world. Analysis by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing of Indonesia in 2010 shows that Java’s biocapacity is already experiencing a deficit. Therefore, optimization needs to be done to reduce deficits. This study aims to optimize and assess spatial allocation accuracy based on land-use/land cover suitability. In this study, the ecological footprint (EF) is utilized as a spatial allocation assessment based on physiological needs. The concept of land suitability aims for optimal and sustainable land use. Moreover, the land suitability model was conducted using the support vector machine (SVM). SVM is used to find the best hyperplane by maximizing the distance between classes. A hyperplane is a function that can be used to separate land-use/land cover types. The land suitability model’s overall-accuracy model was 86.46%, with a kappa coefficient value of 0.812. The final results show that agricultural land, plantations, and pastureland are still experiencing deficits, but there is some reduction. The deficit reduction for agricultural land reached 510,588.49 ha, 18,986.14 ha for plantations, and 1015.94 ha for pastures. The results indicate that the SVM algorithm is efficient in mapping the land-use suitability and optimizing spatial allocation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/4/259/pdf

Spatial Allocation Based on Physiological Needs and Land Suitability Using the Combination of Ecological Footprint and SVM (Case Study: Java Island, Indonesia)

The urbanization process all over the world has caused serious ecological and environmental problems which have recently become a focus for study. Ecological footprint analysis, which is widely used to assess the sustainability of regional development, can quantitatively measure the human occupation of natural capital. In this study, the ecological footprint based on net primary production (EF-NPP) and MODIS data were used to measure the ecological footprint in Xuzhou central area from 2005 to 2014. The results showed that from 2005 to 2014, the per capita ecological footprint increased from 1.06 to 1.17 hm2/person; the per capita ecological capacity decreased from 0.10 to 0.09 hm2/person; the per capita ecological deficit increased from −0.96 to −1.09 hm2/person; and the ecological pressure index increased from 6.87 to 11.97. The composition of the ecological footprint showed that grassland contributed most to the ecological footprint and deficit, and cultivated land contributed most to the ecological capacity. The spatial distribution of the ecological footprint changed significantly, especially in the expansion of the area of lower value. The ecological capacity and deficit changed little. The ecological situation in Xuzhou central area was unbalanced. Based on this study, Xuzhou city was recommended to control the increase of the ecological footprint, improve the ecological capacity and balance the ecological pattern for sustainable development.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/1/199/pdf

Temporal-Spatial Evolution of the Urban Ecological Footprint Based on Net Primary Productivity: A Case Study of Xuzhou Central Area, China

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Temporal-Spatial Evolution of the Urban Ecological Footprint Based on Net Primary Productivity: A Case Study of Xuzhou Central Area, China