Effects of five extraction methods on total content, composition, and stability of flavonoids in jujube

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs) are plentiful and renewable resources with properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity. Because the polysaccharide molecular chain contains a variety of active groups, different polysaccharide derivatives can be easily produced through chemical modification. They have been increasingly used in drug delivery systems (DDS). However, the potential of polysaccharides is usually ignored due to their structural complexity, poor stability or ambiguity of mechanisms of actions. This review summarized the applications of TCMPs in DDS around four main aspects. The general characteristics of TCMPs as drug delivery carriers, as well as the relationships between structure and function of them were summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of preparing multifunctional drug delivery materials with synergistic effect by using TCMPs was discussed. This review aims to become a reference for further research of TCMPs and their derivatives, especially applications of them as carriers in pharmaceutical preparation industry. 

/pdf/a-review-on-the-applications-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-2zpgusfl.pdf

A review on the applications of Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in drug delivery systems

In this study, we immobilized pectinase preparation on porous zeolite ZSM-5 as an enzyme carrier. We realized this immobilized enzyme catalyst, pectinase preparation@ZSM-5, via a simple combined strategy involving the van der Waals adsorption of pectinase preparation followed by crosslinking of the adsorbed pectinase preparation with glutaraldehyde over ZSM-5. Conformal pectinase preparation coverage of various ZSM-5 supports was achieved for the as-prepared pectinase preparation@ZSM-5. The porous pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited ultra-efficient biocatalytic activity for hydrolyzing the β-glycosidic bonds in the model substrate 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside, with a broad operating temperature range, high thermal stability, and excellent reusability. The relative activity of pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 at a high temperature (70 °C) was nine times higher than that of free pectinase preparation. Using thermal inactivation kinetic analysis based on the Arrhenius law, pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 showed higher activation energy for denaturation (315 kJ mol-1) and a longer half-life (62 min-1) than free pectinase preparation. Moreover, a Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetic analysis indicated a higher maximal reaction velocity for pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 (0.22 µmol mg-1 min-1). This enhanced reactivity was attributed to the microstructure of the immobilized pectinase preparation@ZSM-5, which offered a heterogeneous reaction system that decreased the substrate-pectinase preparation binding affinity and modulated the kinetic characteristics of the enzyme. Additionally, pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 showed the best ethanol tolerance among all the reported pectinase preparation-immobilized catalysts, and an activity 247% higher than that of free pectinase preparation at a 10% (v/v) ethanol concentration was measured. Furthermore, pectinase preparation@ZSM-5 exhibited potential for practical engineering applications, promoting the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic bonds in baicalin to convert it into baicalein. This was achieved with a 98% conversion rate, i.e., 320% higher than that of the free enzyme.

/pdf/immobilized-crosslinked-pectinase-preparation-on-porous-zsm-o7ztv4mnl2.pdf

Immobilized Crosslinked Pectinase Preparation on Porous ZSM-5 Zeolites as Reusable Biocatalysts for Ultra-Efficient Hydrolysis of β-Glycosidic Bonds.

Food flavonoids form an important class of dietary phytochemicals with numerous health benefits to humans. Their mode of action is related to the inhibitory activities that they possess. They are commonly prevalent in both fruits and vegetables as plant-derived beverages. Different classes of flavonoids exhibit various antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and antiallergic activities while some other flavonoid compounds show possible antiviral activities. These are also known to be effective anticancerous agent leading to apoptosis by arresting cell cycle and reduction of prominent enzymes causing tumors. However, they are of concern because of their low bioavailability that affects their efficacy and toxicity. Therefore factors that discuss physicochemical and biological attributes of various classes of flavonoids including extraction, characterization, and clinical and pharmacological applications are to be studied and taken into consideration. 

Flavonoids

Daidzin: Advances on Resources, Biosynthesis Pathway, Bioavailability, Bioactivity, and Pharmacology

Flavonoids are important active components of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) because of their many biological activities. We studied the interaction between 17 polysaccharides and eight flavonoids via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the effect of the interactions on the solubility and stability of the flavonoids. The effect of the polysaccharides on the solubility of flavonoids was analyzed by statistical methods and showed significant solubility improvements. The constant temperature acceleration method (90°C/pH 9 buffer solution) was used to measure the degradation kinetics and half-life of flavonoids with and without polysaccharides. All the polysaccharides displayed a stabilizing effect on all eight flavonoids. The stabilizing effects varied in the order: quercetin, baicalein > baicalin > galuteolin > daidzin > rutin > luteolin > daidzien. The phase-solubility method was applied to quercetin and baicalein to study the mechanism of action of the polysaccharides. It appeared that the two flavonoids could form 1 : 1 inclusion complexes with polysaccharides, which may be one of the factors increasing solubility and stability. These findings increase our understanding of the role of endogenous polysaccharides in TCM in improving the stability and bioavailability of bioactive flavonoids.

/pdf/study-on-solubilization-and-stabilization-of-eight-idsk59uf8e.pdf

Study on Solubilization and Stabilization of Eight Flavonoids by 17 Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides

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Study on Solubilization and Stabilization of Eight Flavonoids by 17 Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides