Too blue to be good? A critical overview on the electrochromic properties and applications of Prussian blue

The influences of film thickness on the energy bandgap and optical dielectric loss of Prussian Blue (PB) were examined to fabricate Ag/Prussian Blue (PB)/p-Si/Al photodetectors. The morphological characteristics of the spin-coated Prussian Blue (PB) nanostructured films were investigated by FESEM, and 30% of the analyzed particle size distributions were equal to 70 ± 3 nm. An empirical mathematical relationship that correlates the estimated bandgap (Eg eV) values to the film thickness (d nm) is concluded. An empirical equation correlates the estimated energy bandgap to the film thickness, d(nm)=QEg−s where: Q = 15.7 and S = −3.63 with standard errors 4 and 1, respectively. The extracted bandgap energies are equal to 3.622, 3.630, 3.641 and 3.678 eV with indirect transition type for the fabricated Prussian Blue (PB) films with thicknesses equal to 76, 92, 109 and 125 nm, respectively. The real part of the refractive index in the near-infrared region is parameterized by using different theoretical [(Drude-Voigt), analytical Cauchy and Forouhi and Bloomer] formulas. When 2.33 eV > Tanδ > 1.52 eV, the induced electric dipoles increase rapidly, and the value of T decreases from 0.43 to 0.03 with the increase of the film's thickness from 76 to 125 nm, respectively. The plots of the measured parallel capacitance, CS, conductance, and Gp illustrate a memory hysteresis loop, and the recorded data is analyzed and simulated by impedance spectroscopy analysis. The fabricated Ag/Prussian Blue (76 nm)/p-Si/Al devices are investigated in dark and illumination conditions. The evaluated responsivity showed a linear mathematical relation against the reverse applied voltage ranging from 1.95 to - 0.9 V. This optical switching region may be helpful for lower power switching optoelectronics (from 6 to 18 mW/cm2). 

Optical properties of prussian blue thin films and electrical characteristics of Ag/prussian blue/p-Si/Al photodetectors for low-optical power latch-switching applications

In recent years, the researches on micro/nanoscaled Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) have received widespread attention due to their high specific surface area, multiple active sites, and diverse element types. Benefiting from their own structures, PB/PBAs materials are often used in fields such as electrode materials, catalysts, electrochromic materials, and cancer treatment. At present, researchers are still continuously exploring the potential of PB/PBAs materials. The synthesis strategy of PB/PBAs is a hot topic of discussion, which is of great significance to further explore the application value of PB/PBAs materials and large-scale commercial production. This work reviews the research progress of PB/PBAs materials in recent years. We focus on the synthesis strategies of PB/PBAs materials and discuss their structural properties and morphology control. Finally, we analyze existing vacancies and future development trends to provide a reference for future research. 

Structural properties, design strategies, and morphology control of micro/nanoscaled prussian blue and its analogues

Promoting the bifunctional oxygen catalytic activity of the perovskite and Co3O4 heterostructure by introducing oxygen vacancies

Only utilizing hydrochloric acid and potassium ferricyanide as reaction reagents, Prussian Green (PG) films were facilely fabricated on fluorine doped tin dioxide glasses by a hydrothermal method. The amount of hydrochloric acid and the temperatures of hydrothermal treatment significantly affect the component and color of as-prepared films. The optimal preparation conditions are 0.5-1 mL of hydrochloric acid and hydrothermal temperature of 100-120 °C. The hydrochloric acid plays the role of both as a reducing agent and providing acidic conditions. The PG devices based on as-prepared PG films firstly exhibited typical four-colors electrochromic properties: yellow, green, blue and colorless states, respectively, under different power supplies, which exhibit its potential application in nonemission display field. 

Prussian green films exhibiting typical four-colors electrochromic properties

Controlled hydrothermal synthesis of Prussian Blue films with multicolor electrochromic behaviors

Oxygen vacancy is an inherent defect of aquamarine crystals. The concentration and properties of this defect have an essential influence on aquamarine crystals and optical properties. This paper reports that blue in aquamarine crystals is due to the interaction between Fe2+ and oxygen vacancy. Infrared and Raman spectra showed that more Fe2+ replaced Al3+ in dark sample A than in light sample B. Oxygen vacancies were found in all samples. Dark sample A strongly absorbed the 830 nm band associated with Fe2+ in the UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectrum. The band gap of dark sample A was smaller than that of light sample B, and the difference in band gap was related to the concentration of oxygen vacancies. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy showed that the oxygen vacancy concentration in sample A was higher than that in sample B, which showed that the oxygen vacancy concentration affected the color depth of aquamarines. 

The effect of oxygen vacancies on the color formation of aquamarine

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Controlled hydrothermal synthesis of Prussian Blue films with multicolor electrochromic behaviors

The effect of oxygen vacancies on the color formation of aquamarine