Arsenic (As), an environmental pollutant, imposes toxic impacts on plant health. In recent years, researchers have focused on comprehending the As-induced intrusion in growth and metabolic components. However, the interactions between phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) remain elusive, specifically in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of P and Si on the defense mechanisms, nutrients accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism, gibberellic acid (GA3) synthesis, and growth responses in Indica rice cultivars (landrace and improved) under As stress. With this focus, our study potentially indicated that As stress (150 µM) negatively impacted the underlying physiological and growth traits, with more pronounced effects on the improved cultivar compared to the landrace. However, P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis. Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace, including superoxide dismutase (+36.47%, +24.43%), ascorbate peroxidase (+95.11%, +78.26%), along with non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (+29.43%, +21.48%), and reduced glutathione (+75.45%, +62.34%) concentrations, respectively. Notably, GA concentration (+23.78%, +16.48%) was substantially increased by the cumulative application of P and Si under As stress in both cultivars but more conspicuous in the landrace, respectively. Further, employing GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM), substantiated the input of GA-mediated As tolerance, wherein, PBZ reversed the impacts of P and Si on the endogenous GA concentration and defense metabolism. In summation, landrace outperformed improved cultivar leading to As tolerance. This implies that the landrace could be used for future breeding programs permitting in-depth considerations of P and Si-mediated GA3 synthesis under As stress conditions. 

Enhanced arsenic stress tolerance in landrace and improved rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars through modulation of gibberellic acid (GA3) synthesis and antioxidant metabolism via phosphorus and silicon supplementation

Phosphate-solubilizing fungi enhances the growth of Brassica chinensis L. and reduces arsenic uptake by reshaping the rhizosphere microbial community.

<title>Abstract</title> Yutangba, situated in Enshi City, Hubei Province, is globally noted its high selenium (Se) content. Soil invertebrates are essential to the functionality and services of terrestrial ecosystems, yet their community composition in this region remains under-explored. This study utilized environmental DNA metabarcoding to investigate the interrelations among environmental factors, soil invertebrate diversity, and community characteristics concerning soil Se content, pH, and moisture content in the region. Environmental factors such as Se concentration, water content, and pH were strongly associated with the alpha and beta diversity of soil invertebrates in Se-rich areas, affecting their distribution and abundance. Among these, Se notably emerges as the primary regulatory factor influencing soil invertebrate diversity. The acidic soil pH, along with moisture, plays a fine-tuning role in regulating species diversity by directly or indirectly influencing the availability and bioavailability of Se, impacting the species richness and community composition. Unexpectedly, certain species, such as the Formicidae (ants, e.g., <italic>Odontomachus</italic> <italic>troglodytes</italic>), the Noctuidae (e.g., <italic>Diarsia rosaria</italic>), and the annelid Haplotaxida<italic> Perionyx excavates</italic>, exhibit a strong positive association with Se, indicating a high level of Se tolerance among the native species. This novel perspective reveals the complex role of Se in soil ecosystems, emphasizing the necessity of understanding its ecological functions and potential implications for ecosystem health and stability. 

Unexpected species diversity in the understanding of selenium- containing soil invertebrates

The combined impacts of selenium and phosphorus on the fate of arsenic in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.).

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The combined impacts of selenium and phosphorus on the fate of arsenic in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.).