Unstable interlayer spacing of lamellar membranes would be rapidly compressed and narrowed under normal high flowrates and concentration polarization effect contributes to reduced permeation and fouling resistance. Herein, a large permeability PEG/MXene@MOF membrane with stable interlayer spacing and superior antifouling property was created via facile interface self-assembly strategy. Metal-organic framework (MOF, UiO-66-NH2) nanoparticles as supports constructed an intercalation-induced structure with hierarchical Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets, which effectively regulated the interlayer spacing and improved permeability. Hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) further enhanced the stability of intercalation structure via hydrogen bonding, so that the PEG/MXene@MOF membrane demonstrated excellent swelling resistance with an average layer spacing expansion of only 0.05 nm even after immersion in water for 8 days. Moreover, MOF particles increased the lamellar roughness and interlayer water retention capacity, resulting in the PEG/MXene@MOF membrane with remarkable separation selectivity and powerful fouling resistance (UWOCA >156°, UWOSA <5.5°). Regarding the purification of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactants, the PEG/MXene@MOF membrane exhibited extremely stable high permeability (1246 ± 12 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and excellent efficiency (>99.7 %), even during continuous separation of high-viscosity crude oil emulsions for 60 min. In addition, the PEG/MXene@MOF membrane also exhibited superior chemical durability and mechanical robustness in strong-corrosiveness and high-salty environments (72 h), ultrasonic treatments (120 min), bending experiments (100 times) and abrasion tests (20 times). Therefore, this work provided a promising strategy to construct highly permeable membrane with stable interlayer spacing and efficient fouling resistance for practical oily wastewater purification. 

High permeability PEG/MXene@MOF membrane with stable interlayer spacing and efficient fouling resistance for continuous oily wastewater purification

Acid-resistant supramolecular nanofibrous hydrogel membrane with core-shell structure for highly efficient oil/water separation

The tunable wettability by pH‐stimulus has great potential in liquid adhesion, transport, collection, and separation due to its rapid response and wide control range. However, achieving pH‐regulated wettability on the selected region of material without acid–base contamination presents a distinct challenge for the existing methods. Here, a scalable conductive network membrane is prepared with switchable wettability by regulating interfacial pH. The generation and diffusion of interfacial pH on the selected region of the membrane are regulated through the confinement electrolysis process, which is adapted to both spatial arrangements of the conductive network and the electrical potential. By regulating the interfacial pH (>13), the wettability of the selected region can change from superhydrophobicity (Water contact angle = 150°) to superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity (Water contact angle = 0°) without additional reagent in 30 s under 15 V. Based on the switchable wettability and precise controllability, the prepared membrane can efficiently realize on‐demand oil–water separation (>99%) and in situ extraction‐back extraction. The membrane with switchable wettability is programable and free of acid–base contamination, which may have broad practical application potential in intelligent fluid‐related systems.

Constructing Scalable Membrane with Tunable Wettability by Electrolysis‐Induced Interface pH for Oil–Water Separation

Janus materials with asymmetrical wettability for on-demand oil/water separation. 

Janus smart materials with asymmetrical wettability for on-demand oil/water separation: a comprehensive review

Clean water resources are crucial for human society, as the leakage and discharge of oily wastewater not only harm the economy but also disrupt our living environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient oil-water separation technology. Surfaces with switchable superwetting behavior have garnered significant attention due to their importance in both fundamental research and practical applications. This review introduces the fundamental principles of wettability in the oil-water separation process, the basic theory of switchable wettability, and the mechanisms involved in oil-water separation. Subsequently, the review discusses the research progress, challenges, and issues associated with three conventional types of special wettability materials: superhydrophobic/superoleophilic materials, superhydrophilic/superoleophobic materials, and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic materials. Most importantly, it provides a detailed exploration of recent advancements in switchable wettability smart materials, which combine elements of traditional special wettability materials. These include stimulus-responsive smart materials, pre-wetting-induced materials, and Janus materials. The discussion covers key response factors, detailed examples of representative works, design concepts, and fabrication strategies. Finally, the review offers a comprehensive summary of switchable superwetting smart materials, encompassing their advantages and disadvantages, persistent challenges, and future prospects. 

Biomimetic materials in oil/water separation: Focusing on switchable wettabilities and applications.

Abstract Smart membranes with responsive wettability show promise for controllably separating oil/water mixtures, including immiscible oil-water mixtures and surfactant-stabilized oil/water emulsions. However, the membranes are challenged by unsatisfactory external stimuli, inadequate wettability responsiveness, difficulty in scalability and poor self-cleaning performance. Here, we develop a capillary force-driven confinement self-assembling strategy to construct a scalable and stable CO 2 -responsive membrane for the smart separation of various oil/water systems. In this process, the CO 2 -responsive copolymer can homogeneously adhere to the membrane surface by manipulating the capillary force, generating a membrane with a large area up to 3600 cm 2 and excellent switching wettability between high hydrophobicity/underwater superoleophilicity and superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity under CO 2 /N 2 stimulation. The membrane can be applied to various oil/water systems, including immiscible mixtures, surfactant-stabilized emulsions, multiphase emulsions and pollutant-containing emulsions, demonstrating high separation efficiency (&gt;99.9%), recyclability, and self-cleaning performance. Due to robust separation properties coupled with the excellent scalability, the membrane shows great implications for smart liquid separation. 

/pdf/scalable-and-switchable-co2-responsive-membranes-with-high-2tnfcahm.pdf

Scalable and switchable CO2-responsive membranes with high wettability for separation of various oil/water systems

Stimulus-responsive membranes demonstrate promising applications in switchable oil/water emulsion separations. However, they are unsuitable for the treatment of double emulsions like oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. For efficient separation of these complicated emulsions, fine control over the wettability, response time, and aperture structure of the membrane is required. Herein, dual-coated fibers consisting of primary photothermal-responsive and secondary CO2 -responsive coatings were prepared by two steps. Automated weaving of these fibers produced membranes with photothermal- and CO2 -responsive characteristics and narrow pore size distributions. These membranes exhibited fast switching wettability between superhydrophilicity (under CO2 stimulation) and high hydrophobicity (under near-infrared stimulation), achieving on-demand separation of various O/W/O and W/O/W emulsions with separation efficiencies exceeding 99.6%. Two-dimensional low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and correlated spectra technique were employed to clarify the underlying mechanism of switchable double emulsion separation. Our approach can effectively address the challenges associated with the use of stimulus-responsive membranes for double emulsion separation and facilitate the industrial application of these membranes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Engineering Dual CO2 - and Photothermal-responsive Membranes for switchable Double Emulsion Separation.

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Scalable and switchable CO2-responsive membranes with high wettability for separation of various oil/water systems

Engineering Dual CO2 - and Photothermal-responsive Membranes for switchable Double Emulsion Separation.