The environmental impact from the waste disposal has been widely concerned around the world. The conversion of wastes to useful resources is important for the sustainable society. As a typical family of wastes, biomass materials basically composed of collagen, protein and lignin, are considered as useful resources for recycle and reuse. In recent years, the development of carbon material derived from biomasses, such as plants, crops, animals and their application in electrochemical energy storage have attracted extensive attention. Through the selection of the appropriate biomass, the optimization of the activation method and the control of the pyrolysis temperatures, carbon materials with desired features, such as high-specific surface area, variable porous framework, and controllable heteroatom-doping have been fabricated. Herein, this review summarized the preparation methods, morphologies, heteroatoms doping in the plant/animal-derived carbonaceous materials, and their application as electrode materials for secondary batteries and supercapacitors, and as electrode support for lithium-sulfur batteries. The challenges and prospects for the controllable synthesis and large-scale application of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials have also been outlooked.

Biomass-derived carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage.

This study presents a novel approach for preparing a porous carbon electrode material from waste biomass with significant advantages, such as low-priced, simple synthesis process, environmental sustainability, and outstanding electrochemical performance, making it highly relevant in the area of energy storage for supercapacitors (SCs). Verbena straw with a loose hollow structure is selected as the precursor, the proposed K2CO3/NaCl synergistic preparation route successfully yields a highly efficient porous activated carbon electrode material (VSC-800) with a high surface area of 2055 m2 g−1, plentiful pores (1.262 cm3 g−1), and enriched oxygen and nitrogen self-doping. Impressively, VSC-800 exhibits outstanding specific capacitance of 438 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Furthermore, a high specific capacitance of 362.3 F g−1 is achieved by flexible all-solid-state symmetric SCs utilizing a PVA/KOH gel electrolyte at 0.5 A g−1, resulting in an impressive energy density of 21.3 Wh kg−1. This work provides a feasible approach for the environmentally friendly utilization of waste biomass materials and emphasizes the immense promise of utilizing waste biomass-derived porous carbon in creating flexible all-solid-state SCs with exceptional performance. 

Porous carbon from verbena straw with self-doped O/N and its high-performance aqueous and flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors

In this research, we successfully produced hierarchical porous activated carbon from biowaste employing one-step KOH activation and applied as ultrahigh-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. The coconut shell-derived activated carbon (CSAC) features a hierarchical porous structure in a honeycomb-like morphology, leading to a high specific surface area (2228 m2 g−1) as well as a significant pore volume (1.07 cm3 g−1). The initial test with the CSAC electrode, conducted in a 6 M KOH loaded symmetric supercapacitor, demonstrated an ultrahigh capacitance of 367 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 together with 92.09% retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. More impressively, the zinc–ion hybrid supercapacitor using CSAC as a cathode achieves a high-rate capability (153 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 75 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), high energy density (134.9 Wh kg−1 at 175 W kg−1), as well as exceptional cycling stability (93.81% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1). Such work thus illuminates a new pathway for converting biowaste-derived carbons into materials for ultrahigh-performance energy storge applications.

Hierarchical Porous Activated Carbon Derived from Coconut Shell for Ultrahigh-Performance Supercapacitors

Multi-heteroatom self-doped microporous biochar derived from fish scale for boosting uranium immobilization performance

Hierarchical hollow tubular porous carbons have been widely used in applications of supercapacitors, batteries, CO2 capture and catalysis due to their hollow tubular morphology, large aspect ratio, abundant pore structure and superior conductivity. Herein, hierarchical hollow tubular fibrous brucite-templated carbons (AHTFBCs) were prepared using natural mineral fiber brucite as the template and KOH as the chemical activator. The effects of different KOH additions on the pore structure and capacitive performance of AHTFBCs were systematically studied. The specific surface area and micropore content of AHTFBCs after KOH activation were higher than those of HTFBC. The specific surface area of the HTFBC is 400 m2 g−1, while the activated AHTFBC5 has a specific surface area of up to 625 m2 g−1. In particular, compared with HTFBC (6.1%), a series of AHTFBCs (22.1% for AHTFBC2, 23.9% for AHTFBC3, 26.8% for AHTFBC4 and 22.9% for AHTFBC5) with significantly increased micropore content were prepared by controlling the amount of KOH added. The AHTFBC4 electrode displays a high capacitance of 197 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and the capacitance retention of 100% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1 in the three-electrode system. And an AHTFBC4//AHTFBC4 symmetric supercapacitor exhibits the capacitance of 109 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH and an energy density of 5.8 W h kg−1 at 199.0 W kg−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. In addition, the capacity retention of AHTFBC4 in the symmetric supercapacitor was maintained at 92% after 5000 cycles in both 6 M KOH and 1 M Na2SO4 electrolytes.

Hierarchical hollow tubular fibrous brucite-templated carbons obtained by KOH activation for supercapacitors

Ternary-doped hierarchical porous carbons derived from durian kernel as electrode materials for efficient energy storage devices

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Ternary-doped hierarchical porous carbons derived from durian kernel as electrode materials for efficient energy storage devices