Nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared combining polymer brush-modified ‘hard’ cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and ‘soft’ polymeric domains, and bound together by cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) supramolecular crosslinks, which allow dynamic host–guest interactions as well as selective and simultaneous binding of two guests, i.e., methyl viologen (the first guest) and naphthyl units (the second guest). CNCs are mechanically strong colloidal rods with nanometer-scale lateral dimensions, which are functionalized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to yield a dense set of methacrylate polymer brushes bearing naphthyl units. They can then be non-covalently cross-linked through simple addition of poly(vinyl alcohol) polymers containing pendant viologen units as well as CB[8]s in aqueous media. The resulting supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels combine three important criteria: high storage modulus (G′ > 10 kPa), rapid sol–gel transition (<6 s), and rapid self-healing even upon aging for several months, as driven by balanced colloidal reinforcement as well as the selectivity and dynamics of the CB[8] three-component supramolecular interactions. Such a new combination of properties for stiff and self-healing hydrogel materials suggests new approaches for advanced dynamic materials from renewable sources.

Healable, Stable and Stiff Hydrogels: Combining Conflicting Properties Using Dynamic and Selective Three-Component Recognition with Reinforcing Cellulose Nanorods

The application of cyclodextrin (CD)-based host-guest interactions towards the fabrication of functional supramolecular assemblies and hydrogels is of particular interest in the field of biomedicine. However, as of late they have found new applications as advanced functional materials (e.g., actuators and self-healing materials), which have renewed interest across a wide range of fields. Advanced supramolecular materials synthesized using this noncovalent interaction, exhibit specificity and reversibility, which can be used to impart reversible cross-linking, specific binding sites, and functionality. In this review, various functional CD-based supramolecular assemblies and hydrogels will be outlined with the focus on recent advances. In addition, an outlook will be provided on the direction of this rapidly developing field.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/marc.201400080

Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Assemblies and Hydrogels: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI–MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate–protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:1–100, 2011

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006.

Here we report supramolecular hydrogelators made of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and small peptides. The covalent linkage of Phe–Phe and NSAIDs results in conjugates that self-assemble in water to form molecular nanofibers as the matrices of hydrogels. When the NSAID is naproxen (1), the resultant hydrogelator 1a forms a hydrogel at a critical concentration (cgc) of 0.2 wt % at pH 7.0. Hydrogelator 1a, also acting as a general motif, enables enzymatic hydrogelation in which the precursor turns into a hydrogelator upon hydrolysis catalyzed by a phosphatase at physiological conditions. The conjugates of Phe–Phe with other NSAIDs, such as (R)-flurbiprofen (2), racemic flurbiprofen (3), and racemic ibuprofen (4), are able to form molecular hydrogels, except in the case of aspirin (5). After the conjugation with the small peptides, NSAIDs exhibit improved selectivity to their targets. In addition, the peptides made of D-amino acids help preserve the activities of NSAIDs. Besides demonstrating that common NSAIDs are excellent candidates to promote aromatic–aromatic interaction in water to form hydrogels, this work contributes to the development of functional molecules that have dual or multiple roles and ultimately may lead to new molecular hydrogels of therapeutic agents for topical use.

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/pdf/1860-5397-9-104.pdf

The conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to small peptides for generating multifunctional supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels

A significant impact of host-guest stoichiometry on the extensibility of polyrotaxane gels.

Supramolecular materials with noncovalent bonds have attracted much attention due to their exclusive properties differentiating them from materials formed solely by covalent bonds. Especially interesting are rotor molecules of topological complexes that shuttle along a polymer chain. The shuttling of these molecules should greatly improve the tension strength. Our research employs cyclodextrin (CD) as a host molecule, because CD effectively forms polyrotaxanes with polymers. Herein we report the formation of supramolecular hydrogels with an α-CD dimer (α,α-CD dimer) as a topological linker molecule, and a viologen polymer (VP) as the polymer chain. The supramolecular hydrogel of α,α-CD dimer/VP forms a self-standing gel, which does not relax (G' > G'') in the frequency range 0.01–10 rad·s−1. On the other hand, the supramolecular hydrogel decomposes upon addition of bispyridyl decamethylene (PyC10Py) as a competitive guest. Moreover, the β-CD dimer (β,β-CD dimer) with VP does not form a supramolecular hydrogel, indicating that complexation between the C10 unit of VP and the α-CD unit of the α,α-CD dimer plays an important role in the formation of supramolecular hydrogels.

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/pdf/1860-5397-8-182.pdf

Supramolecular hydrogels formed from poly(viologen) cross-linked with cyclodextrin dimers and their physical properties.

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Supramolecular hydrogels formed from poly(viologen) cross-linked with cyclodextrin dimers and their physical properties.