A centralized secondary control is utilized in a DC islanded microgrid to fine-tune voltage levels following the implementation of droop control. This is done to avoid conflicts between current allocation and voltage adjustments. However, because it introduces a single point of failure, a distributed secondary control is preferred. This paper introduces a consensus-based secondary distributed control approach to restore critical bus voltages to their nominal values and properly distribute current among converters. The critical bus takes the lead in voltage adjustments, with only connected energy resources contributing to regulation. The microgrid is represented as an undirected graph to facilitate consensus building. Two adjustment terms, δv and δi, are generated to assist in returning voltage to its nominal level and correctly allocating current among energy resources. To enhance consistency and improve controller performance compared to those reported in existing literature, all buses are connected to a leader node. In the event of the failure of all converters except one, voltage can still be effectively restored. MATLAB-Simulink simulations are conducted on two medium-voltage DC (MVDC) microgrids to validate the efficiency of the proposed control method. The results confirmed that the proposed control method can effectively maintain voltage stability and enhance the precise distribution of current among agents by 8%. 

An enhanced consensus-based distributed secondary control for voltage regulation and proper current sharing in a DC islanded microgrid

The application of shipboard microgrids (SMGs) makes it possible to effectively use renewable new energy on the shipboard platform. As renewable energy sources are connected to SMGs in the form of distributed generators (DGs), the openness of the system increases and so does the risk of exposure to cyber attacks. In this paper, a resilient distributed secondary frequency control strategy for SMGs is constructed to resist false data injection (FDI) attacks. An attacker can tamper with the information in the communication links between the DGs of a SMG to prevent the DGs from outputting stable power, thereby causing oscillations in the entire SMG. To increase resilience to FDI attacks, the proposed resilient control strategy introduces a control network layer interconnected with the original data transmission layer to form a hierarchical communication network. By setting the SMG parameters, the proposed strategy can well reduce the negative effects of FDI attacks on DGs and ensure the stable operation of SMGs. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the strategy.

Resilient Distributed Secondary Control Strategy for New Energy Shipboard Microgrid Against Bounded FDI Attacks

The application of shipboard microgrids (SMGs) makes it possible to effectively use renewable new energy on the shipboard platform. As renewable energy sources are connected to SMGs in the form of distributed generators (DGs), the openness of the system increases and so does the risk of exposure to cyber attacks. In this paper, a resilient distributed secondary frequency control strategy for SMGs is constructed to resist false data injection (FDI) attacks. An attacker can tamper with the information in the communication links between the DGs of a SMG to prevent the DGs from outputting stable power, thereby causing oscillations in the entire SMG. To increase resilience to FDI attacks, the proposed resilient control strategy introduces a control network layer interconnected with the original data transmission layer to form a hierarchical communication network. By setting the SMG parameters, the proposed strategy can well reduce the negative effects of FDI attacks on DGs and ensure the stable operation of SMGs. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the strategy. 

In this paper, a resilient control strategy is proposed to improve the stability of frequency and voltage recovery for the islanded microgrid (MG) under hybrid cyber attacks. To deal with the common false data injection attacks (FDI) and denial of service attacks (DoS) in MGs, the proposed resilient control strategy utilizes the observers to accurately estimate the potential FDI signals on both the sensors and actuators of each distributed generation unit (DG) and reconstruct the unavailable states in the system to enhance the system’s ability actively. The ultimate uniform boundedness (UUB) of the system under hybrid cyber attacks is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, an islanded MG system is established in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and multiple scenarios are simulated to verify the effectiveness of the method. 

Resilient distributed control of islanded microgrids under hybrid attacks

The Transcriptional Enhanced Associated Domain (TEAD) family of transcription factors are key components of the Hippo signalling family which play a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The identification of inhibitors of the TEAD transcription factors are an attractive strategy for the development of novel anticancer therapies. A HTS campaign identified hit 1, which was optimised using structure-based drug design, to deliver potent TEAD1 selective inhibitors with both a reversible and covalent mode of inhibition. The preference for TEAD1 could be rationalised by steric differences observed in the lower pocket of the palmitoylation-site between subtypes, with TEAD1 having the largest available volume to accommodate substitution in this region. 

Discovery of reversible and covalent TEAD 1 selective inhibitors MSC-1254 and MSC-5046 based on one scaffold

This paper investigates FDI attacks in distributed secondary control strategy for low inertia microgrid with a high proportion of renewable energy and power electronics. Adversaries always aim to tamper information exchange between the neighbor distributed generators (DGs) in microgrids, which results in voltage and frequency deviation leading to power breakdown. To enhance the resilience against FDI attacks of microgrid, a control network layer interconnecting with the original data transmission layer is introduced to form a layered communication network. Due to the higher openness of the layered network, the introduced control network layer also faces to potential FDI attacks. This paper proposed a distributed secondary control strategy against double-layered bounded FDI attacks rather than only attacks in the information transmission layer. The strategy can mitigate FDI attacks launched in the control network layer, and adverse influence on the data transmission layer can also be mitigated caused by FDI attacks launched in the control network layer by designing proper interconnecting matrices. In this paper, the Lyapunov theory is used to demonstrate that the strategy can make the low inertia microgrid still maintain stable against double-layered bounded FDI attacks. The effectiveness of the distributed secondary strategy against bounded FDI attacks is validated in a test microgrid consisting of 4 DGs using the Matlab/Simpower system.

/pdf/distributed-secondary-control-strategy-against-bounded-fdi-35fpv752.pdf

Distributed Secondary Control Strategy Against Bounded FDI Attacks for Microgrid With Layered Communication Network

Comparative expression analysis of TEADs and their splice variants in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Effects of Maternal Exposure to Particulate Matter During Pregnancy on the Birth Weight of Offspring: A Negative Control Exposures Study

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Distributed Secondary Control Strategy Against Bounded FDI Attacks for Microgrid With Layered Communication Network

Comparative expression analysis of TEADs and their splice variants in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Effects of Maternal Exposure to Particulate Matter During Pregnancy on the Birth Weight of Offspring: A Negative Control Exposures Study