Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a very interesting class of conserved single-stranded RNA molecules derived from exonic or intronic sequences by precursor mRNA back-splicing. Unlike canonical linear RNAs, circRNAs form covalently closed, continuous stable loops without a 5'end cap and 3'end poly(A) tail, and therefore are resistant to exonuclease digestion. The majority of circRNAs are highly abundant, and conserved across different species with a tissue or developmental-stage-specific expression. circRNAs have been shown to play important roles as microRNA sponges, regulators of gene splicing and transcription, RNA-binding protein sponges and protein/peptide translators. Emerging evidence reveals that circRNAs function in various human diseases, particularly cancers, and may function as better predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In consideration of their potential clinical relevance, circRNAs have become a new research hotspot in the field of tumor pathology. In the present study, the current understanding of the biogenesis, characteristics, databases, research methods, biological functions subcellular distribution, epigenetic regulation, extracellular transport and degradation of circRNAs was discussed. In particular, the multiple databases and methods involved in circRNA research were first summarized, and the recent advances in determining the potential roles of circRNAs in tumor growth, migration and invasion, which render circRNAs better predictive biomarkers, were described. Furthermore, future perspectives for the clinical application of circRNAs in the management of patients with cancer were proposed, which could provide new insights into circRNAs in the future.

Review on circular RNAs and new insights into their roles in cancer.

Breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer to become the most common malignancy worldwide. The incidence rate and mortality rate of breast cancer continue to rise, which leads to a great burden on public health. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been recognized as important oncogenes or suppressors in regulating cancer initiation and progression. In breast cancer, circRNAs have significant roles in tumorigenesis, recurrence and multidrug resistance that are mediated by various mechanisms. Therefore, circRNAs may serve as promising targets of therapeutic strategies for breast cancer management. This study reviews the most recent studies about the biosynthesis and characteristics of circRNAs in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation, as well as the value of circRNAs in clinical applications as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Understanding the mechanisms by which circRNAs function could help transform basic research into clinical applications and facilitate the development of novel circRNA-based therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.

Circular RNAs in breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of covalently closed, endogenous ncRNAs. Most circRNAs are derived from exonic or intronic sequences by precursor RNA back-splicing. Advanced high-throughput RNA sequencing and experimental technologies have enabled the extensive identification and characterization of circRNAs, such as novel types of biogenesis, tissue-specific and cell-specific expression patterns, epigenetic regulation, translation potential, localization and metabolism. Increasing evidence has revealed that circRNAs participate in diverse cellular processes, and their dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly cancer. In this review, we systematically discuss the characterization of circRNAs, databases, challenges for circRNA discovery, new insight into strategies used in circRNA studies and biomedical applications. Although recent studies have advanced the understanding of circRNAs, advanced knowledge and approaches for circRNA annotation, functional characterization and biomedical applications are continuously needed to provide new insights into circRNAs. The emergence of circRNA-based protein translation strategy will be a promising direction in the field of biomedicine. 

New insight into circRNAs: characterization, strategies, and biomedical applications

Due to the high heterogeneity and initially asymptomatic nature of breast cancer (BC), the management of this disease depends on imaging together with immunohistochemical and molecular evaluations. These tests allow early detection of BC and patient stratification as they guide clinicians in prognostication and treatment decision-making. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of newly identified long non-coding RNAs. These molecules have been described as key regulators of breast carcinogenesis and progression. Moreover, circRNAs play a role in drug resistance and are associated with clinicopathological features in BC. Accumulating evidence reveals a clinical interest in deregulated circRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, due to their covalently closed structure, circRNAs are highly stable and easily detectable in body fluids, making them ideal candidates for use as non-invasive biomarkers. Herein, we provide an overview of the biogenesis and pleiotropic functions of circRNAs, and report on their clinical relevance in BC.

/pdf/circular-rnas-as-potential-biomarkers-in-breast-cancer-2fpgz9tm.pdf

Circular RNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

The incidence and mortality of cancer are increasing each year. At present, the sensitivity and specificity of the blood biomarkers that were used in clinical practice are low, which make the detection rate of cancer decrease. With advances in bioinformatics and technology, some non-coding RNA as biomarkers can be easily detected through some traditional and new technologies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs, that is, they do not encode proteins, and have important regulatory functions. CircRNAs can remain stable in bodily fluids, such as in saliva, blood, urine, and especially plasma. The difference in the expression of plasma circRNAs between cancer patients and normal people may suggest that plasma circRNAs may play an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer. In this review, we summarized the clinical effect of plasma circRNAs in several high-incidence cancers. CircRNAs may be effective biomarkers for tumour diagnosis, treatment selection and prognosis evaluation.

/pdf/plasma-circrnas-as-biomarkers-in-cancer-10v8gjwvwk.pdf

Plasma circRNAs as Biomarkers in Cancer.

The utility model provides a training bed pad before thyroid surgery, includes the stereoplasm backing plate of bottom, the neckpillow part of head end and the body pad portion at neckpillow part rear, be equipped with neck pads at neckpillow part's stereoplasm backing plate top middle part, the both sides of neck pads are equipped with a pair of neck side pad, are equipped with to hold in the head end portion of stereoplasm backing plate and rest the head on, the main part of neck pad, neck side pad and end pillow is the gasbag, and the gasbag of establishing in neck side pad and the neck padis equipped with the three -layer at the direction of height, each layer gasbag is formed by parallel configuration's independent gasbag unit combination, and the gasbag unit of each layer is equipped with the gasbag unit intercommunication of solitary gas tube or each layer and fills the gassing by unified gas tube. The utility model discloses can be according to the nimble height of conveniently adjusting the bolster of needs in different stages of training, the influence that is stressed of bolster height is little moreover. Can accurately carry out different gradient training plan by oneself according to individual's characteristics, increase neck layback degree and training time gradually, reach the requirement that to satisfy the thyroid surgery position at last.

Training bed pad before thyroid surgery

The utility model provides a special drag hook of chamber mirror thyroid surgery, includes handle, hook rod and " W " shape drag hook head, three " U " shape circular arc section is buckled into to the drag hook epicranium, the front end of drag hook head is equipped with the thread head, with one have internal screw thread point sleeve and close soon and be connected, pierce the pointed sleeve ofsuitably to screw out before the skin, make the pointed end be higher than middle circular arc section, it is hinder and more smooth to let the process of thrusting not have, in order to avoid most advanced at rotatory in -process damage muscle of drag hook and blood vessel after pierceing skin, can descend pointed sleeve soon, when tractive throat muscle group, part muscle group is blocked in two " W " of drag hook head appears the portion of bending, and the memory metal material makes W shape drag hook have horizontal elasticity, consequently, W shape drag hook is bigger than " V " shape drag hook working face, make the tractive more firm, avoided throat muscle group to take place the slippage, chamber mirror thyroid surgery's security has been guaranteed.

Special drag hook of chamber mirror thyroid surgery

The utility model discloses a thyroid surgery neck incision design ware is equipped with flexible column planning hose, at the fixed clamp of coloring of establishing of operation side of planning hose main part section, operates the fixed stationary blade that sets up of setting -out side that the side was carried on the back mutually, the one end of planning hose is pigment injection end, and the other end is equipped with the exhaust hole, be equipped with through pigment chamber of planning the hose both ends in the planning hose, the pigment chamber and the exhaust hole intercommunicationof exhaust hole one end, the liquid absorption cotton who is used for absorption liquid pigment is put to the pigment intracavity, and the clamp holder inboard of painting double -layeredly is equipped with spacing foot and pushes away the material foot. The utility model discloses can make medical staff break away from the reliance to subjective factor such as experience and manual levels, can conveniently make many times the last position satisfied in planning back and once rule successfully, and the line type of drawing be even, level and smooth, pleasing to the eye. Reduce by a wide margin or stop low -quality drawing line knot fruit, improve the holistic back effect that heals, be favorable to patient's operation to go on recovering with the postoperative.

Thyroid surgery neck incision design ware

Objective Cell-free circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable and abundantly exist in body fluids In this study, we aimed to investigate plasma cell-free circRNAs as a novel class of biomarkers for the diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) Methods Differentially expressed circRNAs from 6 normal and 6 BC plasma samples were detected by microarray Hsa_circ_0008673 was then screened and validated in the plasma of 102 normal and 378 BC samples A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value The correlations between hsa_circ_0008673 expression and demographic characteristics, tumor features, and prognosis were analyzed The effects of hsa_circ_0008673 on BC cell proliferation and metastasis were also measured Results Of the top ten up-regulated (hsa_circ_0008673, hsa_circ_0008500, hsa_circ_0005260, hsa_circ_0003423, hsa_circ_0119881, hsa_circ_0000987, hsa_circ_0007386, hsa_circ_0000091, hsa_circ_0016601, and hsa_circ_0008549) and top ten down-regulated (hsa_circ_0000826, hsa_circ_0072697, hsa_circ_0004587, hsa_circ_0000471, hsa_circ_0007786, hsa_circ_0001417, hsa_circ_0005982, hsa_circ_0001566, hsa_circ_0003823, and hsa_circ_0003823) circRNAs from microarray, hsa_circ_0008673 was the most significantly up-regulated circRNA in BC, and represented a good diagnostic value Hsa_circ_0008673 was remarkably down-regulated after breast mastectomy Hsa_circ_0008673 expression was associated with larger tumor size, distant metastasis, positive estrogen receptor (ER) status, and positive progesterone receptor (PR) status Additionally, hsa_circ_0008673 could serve as a prognostic predicator of overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) Cell assays proved that hsa_circ_0008673 knockdown contributed to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration Conclusion Plasma cell-free hsa_circ_0008673 was up-regulated in BC, which was associated with poorer prognosis and promoted tumor proliferation and metastasis Hsa_circ_0008673 is a promising biomarker for tumor diagnosis and prognostic assessment of BC patients

Identification of plasma hsa_circ_0008673 expression as a potential biomarker and tumor regulator of breast cancer

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Training bed pad before thyroid surgery

Special drag hook of chamber mirror thyroid surgery

Thyroid surgery neck incision design ware

Identification of plasma hsa_circ_0008673 expression as a potential biomarker and tumor regulator of breast cancer