Participation in Energy Transitions: A Comparison of Policy Styles

This focus review summarizes climate politics in Taiwan at the global, the national, and the local level. The article begins with an introduction to Taiwan's emission profile, major actors, and recent policy development. At the global level, Taiwan's unique international status has limited its responses to climate change as mostly gesture policies, but recently corporate climate actions bloomed due to pressures from the supply chains. At the national level, Taiwan's developmental state legacy has locked the country in a “high‐carbon regime” and struggled with the debate on nuclear power. Finally, at the local level, Taiwan seeks to facilitate climate actions with the principle of energy democracy, yet public participation still falls short and local land use conflicts will present enormous challenges. The article ends with a discussion on current knowledge gaps and invites future research to put Taiwan into comparative perspectives.

Politics of climate change mitigation in Taiwan: International isolation, developmentalism legacy, and civil society responses

Achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 is pivotal for South Africa to fulfill its commitments under the Paris Agreement and contribute to limiting global warming. However, South Africa faces several challenges due to its heavy reliance on carbon-intensive sectors. This study adopts the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM-South Africa), an integrated assessment model, to evaluate potential strategies and implications for South Africa to attain net zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050. We also evaluate the role of novel negative emission technologies (NETs), such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS), as well as fossil CCS in meeting the net zero target. The results indicate that significant transformations, such as the extensive expansion of renewable energy, increased electrification, and gradual phasing out of coal, are necessary across South Africa's energy system to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century. With the full deployment of NETs and fossil CCS, coal power generation is projected to decline by 85 % versus 99 % without implementation. The availability of NETs and fossil CCS also alleviates the pressure on the pace of renewable energy deployment and electrification. While BECCS has a higher potential to deliver negative emissions, relying solely on its extensive deployment presents trade-offs. Specifically, scenarios involving BECCS could decrease cropland and pasture by 59 % and 69 %, respectively, by 2050. Water consumption for bioenergy crop cultivation and bioelectricity with CCS is also expected to account for 2 % of total water use in 2050. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for South Africa to complement aggressive emissions cuts with NET and fossil CCS scaling while considering their implications for energy, land, and water. We offer valuable insights to inform strategic decision-making concerning mitigation technologies, sectoral transitions, and managing trade-offs on the pathway to a net-zero future for South Africa. 

Role of negative emission technologies in South Africa's pathway to net zero emissions by 2050

The role of the iron and steel sector in achieving net zero U.S. CO2 emissions by 2050

Decarbonization Pathways for Korea’s Industrial Sector Towards Its 2050 Carbon Neutrality Goal

The goal of this study is to analyze decarbonization pathways for Taiwan, in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement: achieving a 2 °C increase by 2100, aiming for 1.5 °C. We use GCAM, an integrated assessment model, in order to evaluate the different implications of decarbonization in this region. We find that, if Taiwan wants to be consistent with Paris’ goals, it needs an aggressive electrification of end-use sectors, a rapid scale-up of renewable energies, as well as increased efficiencies in buildings, transportation and industry. Transportation and industry present greater decarbonization challenges than buildings, and negative emission technologies become crucial. We also identify opportunities where future research would enrich decarbonization analyses for Taiwan.

An integrated assessment of a low coal low nuclear future energy system for Taiwan

This paper investigates the evolution of the European electricity markets that are leading to the development of the internal European market for electricity (IEM). Focusing on the wholesale electricity spot markets (day-ahead and intraday), the work presents the fundamental concepts and the state-of-the-art of the IEM. The IEM results from the coupling of different European electricity markets, with the goal of increasing the global efficiency in sharing resources among a large number of countries, by promoting competition, increasing liquidity and enabling a more efficient use of the electricity generation and transmission resources across Europe. The architecture, operation and products of the coupled day-ahead and intraday markets are described, and an analysis of the single day-ahead coupling prices is done, exposing that there are regions within Europe where price converge often but the persistence of different market designs within the IEM is a barrier for the European-wide price coupling and market integration.

Market Coupling in Europe – Principles and Characteristics

The goal to reach the zero-carbon paradigm requires a coupled synchronization between all energy sectors with the natural gas infrastructure, especially the power to X, due to the evolution of the solar renewable electric power will fulfil the system consumption needs in the future. The Iberian electrical and gas system is an ideal system to be simulated at the transmission level, due to the great contribution from wind and solar energies the system already has, and the huge investment made for the expansion of solar power plants and to increase the wind production. In Portugal, the wind production already exceeds the needs in some hours with low demand, therefore it is required to convert or export the excess into another energy source (P2X).The Integrated Energy System Analysis Software (IESAS) developed by CEPRI, offers a Graphic User Interface allowing the modelation of electrical and natural gas transmission grid networks. During this project the Portuguese and Spanish grid were modelled taking also into consideration the natural gas pipeline connection of Europe (France) with North Africa (Algeria and Morocco). The software also the implementation of Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), as well the use of co-generation and modelling of power to gas networks. Cooling and heating systems can also be modeled in the simulator system but the hydrogen functionality will be incorporated in a later stage.The simulations results obtained from IESAS showed that in both electrical and gas grid had high flexibility as result of the contribution of the variability of the hydro power in Iberia’s energy mix, supported by the thermal power in dry years. Furthermore, with the closure of coal power plants in Portugal and the reduction verified in Spain, makes the remaining CCGT gain relevance.

The Iberian System through coupled simulation of Electrical and Natural Gas network system

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An integrated assessment of a low coal low nuclear future energy system for Taiwan

Market Coupling in Europe – Principles and Characteristics

The Iberian System through coupled simulation of Electrical and Natural Gas network system