Green communications have always been a target for the information industry to alleviate energy overhead and reduce fossil fuel usage. In current 5G and future 6G era, there is no doubt that the volume of network infrastructure and the number of connected terminals will keep exponentially increasing, which results in the surging energy cost. It becomes growing important and urgent to drive the development of green communications. However, 6G will inevitably have increasingly stringent and diversified requirements for Quality of Service (QoS), security, flexibility, and even intelligence, all of which challenge the improvement of energy efficiency. Moreover, the dynamic energy harvesting process, which will be adopted widely in 6G, further complicates the power control and network management. To address these challenges and reduce human intervene, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been widely recognized and acknowledged as the only solution. Academia and industry have conducted extensive research to alleviate energy demand, improve energy efficiency, and manage energy harvesting in various communication scenarios. In this paper, we present the main considerations for green communications and survey the related research on AI-based green communications. We focus on how AI techniques are adopted to manage the network and improve energy harvesting toward the green era. We analyze how state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques can cooperate with conventional AI methods and mathematical models to reduce the algorithm complexity and optimize the accuracy rate to accelerate the applications in 6G. Finally, we discuss the existing problems and envision the challenges for these emerging techniques in 6G. 

/pdf/ai-models-for-green-communications-towards-6g-nd9ps1s0.pdf

AI Models for Green Communications Towards 6G

Deep Learning has implemented a wide range of applications and has become increasingly popular in recent years. The goal of multimodal deep learning (MMDL) is to create models that can process and link information using various modalities. Despite the extensive development made for unimodal learning, it still cannot cover all the aspects of human learning. Multimodal learning helps to understand and analyze better when various senses are engaged in the processing of information. This article focuses on multiple types of modalities, i.e., image, video, text, audio, body gestures, facial expressions, physiological signals, flow, RGB, pose, depth, mesh, and point cloud. Detailed analysis of the baseline approaches and an in-depth study of recent advancements during the past five years (2017 to 2021) in multimodal deep learning applications has been provided. A fine-grained taxonomy of various multimodal deep learning methods is proposed, elaborating on different applications in more depth. Last, main issues are highlighted separately for each domain, along with their possible future research directions.

/pdf/a-review-on-methods-and-applications-in-multimodal-deep-2dfiuh9v.pdf

A Review on Methods and Applications in Multimodal Deep Learning

Implantable Micro-Light-Emitting Diode (µLED)-based optogenetic interfaces toward human applications.

Image Captioning using Hybrid LSTM-RNN with Deep Features

VLCA: vision-language aligning model with cross-modal attention for bilingual remote sensing image captioning

As an interesting and challenging problem, generating image caption automatically has attracted increasingly attention in natural language processing and computer vision communities. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning approach for image caption generation. We leverage image feature information at specific location every moment and generate the corresponding caption description through a semantic attention model. The end-to-end framework allows us to introduce an independent recurrent structure as an attention module, derived by calculating the similarity between image feature sequence and semantic word sequence. Additionally, our model is designed to transfer the knowledge representation obtained from the English portion into the Chinese portion to achieve the cross-lingual image captioning. We evaluate the proposed model on the most popular benchmark datasets. We report an improvement of 3.9% over existing state-of-the-art approaches for cross-lingual image captioning on the Flickr8k CN dataset on CIDEr metric. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our attention model.

/pdf/cross-lingual-image-caption-generation-based-on-visual-22av43yzvv.pdf

Cross-Lingual Image Caption Generation Based on Visual Attention Model

Two-tier massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems achieve high sum spectral efficiency by simultaneously serving large numbers of users. However, as the number of service antennas and users tend to infinity, the performance is limited by directed inter-cell and intra-cell interferences. Handling these interferences are challenging due to the large channel dimensionality and the high complexity associated with implementing large precoding/combining matrices. Moreover, two-tier massive MIMO is computationally demanding, as the high antenna count results in high-dimensional matrix operations when conventional MIMO hybrid precoding is applied. In this paper, a manifold learning two-tier beamforming (MLTB) scheme is proposed to enable efficient and low-complexity operation in large scale dimensional MIMO systems. Users of multi-cell are clustered into several regions of user groups by manifold learning. Most of the high-dimensional channels are embedded in the low-dimensional subspace by manifold learning, while retaining the potential spatial correlation of the high-dimensional channels. The nonlinearity of high-dimensional channel is transformed into local linearity to achieve dimensionality reduction. Through proper user clustering, the beamformers are split into outer beamformers and inner beamformers. The outer beamformers can minimize inter-cell interference and the inner beamformers can minimize multi-user interference of intra-groups. The high signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) is achieved and the computational complexity is reduced by avoiding the conventional schemes to deal with high-dimensional channel parameters. Performance evaluations show that the proposed MLTB scheme can obtain near-optimal sum-rate and considerably higher energy efficiency than the conventional schemes.

/pdf/a-manifold-learning-two-tier-beamforming-scheme-optimizes-11wl1qf3in.pdf

A Manifold Learning Two-Tier Beamforming Scheme Optimizes Resource Management in Massive MIMO Networks

In this paper, we propose TSFE-Net, two stream feature extraction networks for active stereo matching. First, we perform extra local contrast normalization (LCN) for dataset due to dependency between speckle intensity and distance. Second, we construct two stream feature extraction layers which consist of convolutional layers and deconvolutional layers in different scales to simultaneously learn the features of the original images and LCN images and aggregate context information to form the left and right features. Third, we convert the obtained depth map into disparity map in virtue of camera parameters to construct a supervised learning model. The TSFE-Net not only solves illumination effects between speckle intensity and distance but also reserves details of the original image. Our dataset are captured by RealSense D435 camera. We research extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations based on a series of scenes, and achieve the end point error (EPE) accuracy of 0.335 on the TITAN XP platform only for valid pixel. The assessment results show that our network has the ability of real-time deep reconstruction for active pattern.

/pdf/tsfe-net-two-stream-feature-extraction-networks-for-active-3ai5q7p5yu.pdf

TSFE-Net: Two-Stream Feature Extraction Networks for Active Stereo Matching

The decode-and-forward (DF) based free-space optical-radio frequency (FSO-RF) hybrid system combines the advantages of both FSO links and RF links, which makes the system easy to be deployed and enables the extended transmission coverage. In the case of multiple users, the unreasonable dynamic antenna selection algorithm will lead to multi-user interference (MUI) and reduce the spectral efficiency of the system. Therefore, we propose hybrid precoding based on manifold learning with the antenna partitioning algorithm for dual-hop hybrid FSO-RF systems. In the hybrid precoding of dynamic subarray structure, the high-dimensional channels are embedded into the low-dimensional manifolds by the optimized multidimensional scaling (MDS). The potential spatial correlations of the high-dimensional channel are preserved by the scaling by majorizing a complicated function (SMACOF) algorithm. Through proper user clustering, the hybrid precoding is investigated for the sum-rate maximization problem by manifold quasi-conjugate gradient methods. Meanwhile, an antenna subarray partitioning algorithm is proposed, so that each antenna unit can be assigned to an RF chain based on the increment of the user’s maximum signal to interference noise ratio (SINR). By calculating the simulated equivalent channel SINR for the selected users, the antenna division can greatly reduce the computational complexity and the size of the search space, and ensure fairness among users. Simulation results show that this method can obtain almost the best summation rate and higher spectral efficiency compared with the conventional method.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09928290.pdf

Manifold Learning Inspired Dynamic Hybrid Precoding With Antenna Partitioning Algorithm for Dual-Hop Hybrid FSO-RF Systems

Attention-deep reinforcement learning jointly beamforming based on tensor decomposition for RIS-assisted V2X mmWave massive MIMO system

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