A critical review on the phytoremediation of heavy metals from environment: Performance and challenges.

This work is the first report of the ability of biochar-immobilized cadmium-resistant bacteria (CRB) on promoting the efficiency of cadmium phytoextraction by Chlorophytum laxum R.Br. The survival of CRB immobilized on biochar in cadmium-contaminated soil at a concentration of 75.45 mg kg-1 was studied. The results found that both CRB, namely Arthrobacter sp. TM6 and Micrococcus sp. MU1, can survive and grow in cadmium-contaminated soil. To study phytoextraction in the pot experiments, 2-month-old C. laxum was individually planted in cadmium-contaminated soil and divided into four treatments, including (i) untreated control, (ii) biochar, (iii) biochar-immobilized (BC) Arthrobacter sp., and (iv) BC-Micrococcus sp. The results found that biochar-immobilized CRB did not cause any effect to the root lengths and shoot heights of plants compared to the untreated control. Interestingly, inoculation of biochar-immobilized CRB significantly increased cadmium accumulation in the shoots and roots compared to the untreated control. In addition, the highest cadmium content in a whole plant, best phytoextraction performance, and greatest bioaccumulation factor was found in plant inoculated with BC-Micrococcus sp., followed by BC-Arthrobacter sp. In conclusion, inoculation of biochar-immobilized CRB enhanced cadmium accumulation and translocation of cadmium from the roots to shoots, suggesting further applying biochar-immobilized CRB in cadmium-polluted soil for promoting cadmium phytoextraction efficiency of ornamental plants. Graphical abstract.

Effects of biochar-immobilized bacteria on phytoremediation of cadmium-polluted soil.

Food is the major cadmium (Cd)-exposure pathway from agricultural soils to humans and other living entities and must be reduced in an effective way. A plant can select beneficial microbes, like plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), depending upon the nature of root exudates in the rhizosphere, for its own benefits, such as plant growth promotion as well as protection from metal toxicity. This review intends to seek out information on the rhizo-immobilization of Cd in polluted soils using the PGPR along with plant nutrient fertilizers. This review suggests that the rhizo-immobilization of Cd by a combination of PGPR and nanohybrid-based plant nutrient fertilizers would be a potential and sustainable technology for phytoavailable Cd immobilization in the rhizosphere and plant cellular detoxification, by keeping the plant nutrition flow and green dynamics of plant nutrition and boosting the plant growth and development under Cd stress.

Cadmium Immobilization in the Rhizosphere and Plant Cellular Detoxification: Role of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Sustainable Solution.

A critical review on the phytoremediation of heavy metals from environment: Performance and challenges

Effect of biochar on Cd and pyrene removal and bacteria communities variations in soils with culturing ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

Improvement of cadmium phytoremediation by Centella asiatica L. after soil inoculation with cadmium-resistant Enterobacter sp. FM-1

Tungsten (W) is one of the most promising plasma-facing materials for future fusion devices. Although its melting point is the highest among all metals, it still has great risk of melting under extremely high plasma heat fluxes, which is a big concern for ITER and future reactors. Actively cooled W plasma-facing components (PFCs) with both monoblocks and flat-type structure have been successfully installed in the lower divertor of the EAST tokamak since 2021, and provide a good opportunity for direct comparison of the damage mechanism for the two types of PFCs. Various in situ melting phenomena on the lower divertor have been observed by CCD cameras, which have been further verified by post-mortem inspections. Severe melting and even exfoliation of the edge-beveled W plates were observed on some W/Cu flat-type components at horizontal outer targets. Many droplets were ejected during long-pulse operations, which induced a significant increase of W impurities and total irradiation in the core plasma, and thus greatly deteriorated the plasma performance and even caused disruptions. Two different shaping structures of flat-type PFCs show different positions of melting and the corresponding mechanisms. Slight melting was found on the sharp leading edges of W/Cu monoblocks between cassette modules (inter-CM) for horizontal targets with small droplet ejection, which was much improved compared to that observed on the upper W divertor, illustrating that the application of a large-sized bevel chamfer inter-CM was generally effective. In addition, an unexpected melting phenomenon on the dome plate was attributed to the extreme transient heat flux during disruption with runaway electrons. The application of both types of W/Cu PFCs for the divertor provides important experiences and lessons for the engineering design and optimization of divertor PFCs in future fusion devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/acb3e1/pdf

In situ melting phenomena on W plasma-facing components for lower divertor during long-pulse plasma operations in EAST

In this report, we propose a new adaptive time ﬁlter algorithm for the unsteady Stokes/Darcy model. First we present a ﬁrst order θ -scheme with the variable time step which is one parameter family of Linear Multi-step methods and use a time ﬁlter algorithm to increase the convergence order to second order with almost no increasing the amount of computation. Furthermore, we construct coupled and decoupled adaptive algorithms. Then we analyze stabilities and the second-order accuracy of variable time-stepping algorithm for Linear Multi-step methods plus time ﬁlter, respectively. Finally, we use two numerical experiments to verify theoretical results including eﬀectiveness, convergence and eﬃciency with adaptive method.

pdf/analysis-of-a-new-adaptive-time-filter-algorithm-for-the-3uv92572.pdf

Analysis of A New Adaptive Time Filter Algorithm for The Unsteady Stokes/Darcy Model

In this report, we first present a first order θ-scheme with the variable time steps which is one parameter family of Linear Multi-step methods for the unsteady Stokes/Darcy model. On the basis of this scheme, we use a time filter algorithm to increase the convergence order to the second order with almost no increasing the amount of computation, from which we get a new efficient algorithm. Then we analyze stabilities and the second-order accuracy of variable time-stepping algorithms of coupled and decoupled Linear Multi-step methods plus time filters, respectively. Finally, the theoretical results including effectiveness, convergence and efficiency are verified by several numerical experiments.

Analysis of A New Variable Time-stepping Time Filter Algorithm for The Unsteady Stokes/Darcy Model

An Adaptive Time-stepping DLN Decoupled Algorithm for The Coupled Stokes-Darcy Model

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