Carbon materials play a fundamental role in electrochemical energy storage due to their appealing properties, including low cost, high availability, low environmental impact, surface functional groups, high electrical conductivity, alongside thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, among other factors. Currently, carbon materials can be considered the most extensively explored family in the field of supercapacitors and batteries, which are devices covering a wide range of applications demanding high power and high energy. However, as with all technologies, there is a process of adaptation and optimization; hence, carbon materials have been aligning with the advances that emerge. Similarly, over the years, new methods and processes have been discovered to produce carbons more suitable for energy storage, adapting them to present a good synergy with metal-based compounds to meet current standards. In this work, we present a compilation of advances in the field of carbon materials used in supercapacitors and batteries, from the inception of these technologies to the present day. 

A review on carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage applications: State of the art, implementation, and synergy with metallic compounds for supercapacitor and battery electrodes

Effect of Fe on the pyrolysis products of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and the formation of carbon nanotubes

The pelletization and torrefaction of coffee grounds, garden chaff and rapeseed straw

Microwave pyrolysis of agricultural waste: influence of catalysts, absorbers, particle size and blending components

Insights into the mechanism of persulfate activation with biochar composite loaded with Fe for 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation.

In this paper, the pyrolyzed influence of Fe contents (0%, 1% and 5%) on the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were carried out by thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The pyrolysis process, kinetic characteristics and release characteristics of the pyrolysis products on the three major components were studied. The results showed that the addition of Fe increases the yield of cellulose biochar. The yield of lignin and hemicellulose biochar are also related to the addition of Fe. The kinetic analysis showed that Fe supplementation significantly decreases the activation energy of lignin, but increases the activation energy of cellulose, while the activation energy of hemicellulose was closely related to Fe addition (149.95 kJ/mol under 1% Fe and 127.84 kJ/mol under 5% Fe). The release characteristics of the pyrolysis products showed that the observed pyrolysis products mainly included H2O, CH4, CO2 and CO. An addition of 5% Fe increased CH4, CO and CO2 production in the pyrolysis process of the three components and produced less H2O. 

Effects of Fe addition on pyrolysis characteristics of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose

Study on the mechanical strength and iodine adsorption behavior of coal-based activated carbon based on orthogonal experiments

Coal is not only a type of fuel but also a precious resource with dual value attributes. Coal is usually used for combustion and electricity generation and is also used as a feedstock in the production of fuels, chemicals, and other high value-added products to improve efficiency. Among these products, coal-based activated carbon is an important part of the high value-added and resource utilization of coal. In this paper, the relevant research on coal-based activated carbon in recent decades is reviewed, including raw material selection, preparation process and mechanism, modification methods, application status, and regeneration methods. Finally, the existing problems and future research directions in the field of coal-based activated carbon are proposed, which has great significance for realizing the high value-added utilization of coal resources. 

Review on Coal-Based Activated Carbon: Preparation, Modification, Application, Regeneration, and Perspectives

Effects of cellulose addition on the physicochemical properties, pore structure and iodine adsorption of lignin-based biochar

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