Nitrate in wastewater poses a serious threat to ecological safety and human health. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (eNO3-R) to ammonia is a promising way, which can simultaneously achieve pollutant removal and resource recovery. This review focuses on the recent progresses in eNO3-R to ammonia towards a sustainable nitrogen utilization. The mechanisms of eNO3-R to ammonia are summarized from the electrochemical principles, reaction pathways and theoretical predictive modeling. Major electrocatalysts like single metals, bimetals and transition metal compounds are categorically concluded and compared. The main operating parameters including the applied potential, current density, pH of electrolyte, and inorganic ions are overviewed. Moreover, the couplings of eNO3-R to ammonia and ammonia recovery are reviewed for the first time. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of eNO3-R to ammonia are outlooked. The review provides good references for the further development of eNO3-R to ammonia. 

Critical review in electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia towards a sustainable nitrogen utilization

Ammonia has been used in a wide variety of applications, and with the recent interest in hydrogen energy as a green energy source, it is emerging as a cost-effective, high-density hydrogen carrier due to its three hydrogen atoms. Currently, ammonia is produced by the Haber-Bosch method at high temperatures and pressure, which is energy-intensive and emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. As a viable alternative, the electrochemical conversion of nitrate to ammonia has emerged as an efficient and eco-friendly synthesis method. To encourage further exploration in this field, this review offers insights into utilizing two-dimensional materials as electrochemical catalysts, focusing on designs that exploit defects for nitrate reduction to ammonia.

Recent advances in 2D structured materials with defect-exploiting design strategies for electrocatalysis of nitrate to ammonia

MXene-Based Catalysts: a Review

Ammonia (NH3) plays an irreplaceable role in traditional agriculture and emerging renewable energy. Its preparation in industry mainly relies on the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, which is associated with high energy consumption and large CO2 emissions. Recently, the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR) driven by renewable energy has received extensive attention. This reaction can efficiently synthesize NH3 with water as a hydrogen source and NO3- as a nitrogen source under mild conditions, which is conducive to reducing energy consumption and promoting the carbon cycle. It is well known that the properties of electrocatalysts determine the performance of NO3-RR. As an emerging two-dimensional material, MXenes (transition metal carbides/nitrides/carbon nitrides) possess excellent electrical conductivity, large specific surface area and controllable surface functional groups, which shows great application potential in the field of NO3-RR. Herein, this review summarized the structure, properties and synthesis strategies of MXenes to elucidate the possibilities from foundation to application. Then, the latest research progress in applying MXene-based electrocatalysts to NO3-RR was summarized and the applicability of different NH3 detection methods was analyzed. Finally, the present challenges and future prospects of NO3-RR were presented. This review aimed to provide thoughtful insights into the rational design of MXene-based electrocatalysts for sustainable NH3 synthesis. 

pdf/emerging-mxene-based-electrocatalysts-for-efficient-nitrate-1vhe777bvl.pdf

Emerging MXene-based electrocatalysts for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia: recent advance, challenges, and prospects

Ammonia is a valuable feedstock for most chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and fertilizer products. It is a promising carbon-free energy source. Under severe experimental circumstances (high temperature and high pressure), ammonia is...

Recent progress in the advanced strategies, rational designs, and engineering of electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction toward ammonia

Bimetallic Cu-Fe catalysts on MXene for synergistically electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia.

As a green and efficient component separation technology, organic acid pretreatment has been widely studied in biomass refining. In particular, the efficient separation of lignin by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) pretreatment has been achieved. In this study, the mechanism of the atmospheric separation of bagasse lignin with p-TsOH was investigated. The separation kinetics of lignin was analyzed. A non-simple linear relationship was found between the separation yield of lignin and the concentration of p-TsOH, the temperature and the stirring speed. The shrinking nucleus model for the separation of lignin was established based on the introduction of mass transfer and diffusion factors. A general model of the total delignification rate was obtained. The results showed that the process of lignin separation occurred into two phases, i.e., a fast stage and a slow stage. The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient separation of lignin by p-TsOH pretreatment.

/pdf/kinetics-of-lignin-separation-during-the-atmospheric-1c9s3qfm.pdf

Kinetics of Lignin Separation during the Atmospheric Fractionation of Bagasse with p-Toluenesulfonic Acid

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Bimetallic Cu-Fe catalysts on MXene for synergistically electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia.

Kinetics of Lignin Separation during the Atmospheric Fractionation of Bagasse with p-Toluenesulfonic Acid