This study was designed to investigate the comparative in vivo cardiovascular protective effects of red, green, and brown tropical seaweeds, namely, Kappaphycus alvarezii (or Eucheuma cottonii), Caulerpa lentillifera, and Sargassum polycystum, in rats fed on high-cholesterol/high-fat (HCF) diets. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 260-300 g) on the HCF diet had significantly increased body weight, plasma total cholesterol (TC), plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma triglycerides (TG), lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase levels after 16 weeks. Supplementing 5% seaweeds to HCF diet significantly reduced plasma TC (-11.4% to -18.5%), LDL-C (-22% to -49.3%), and TG (-33.7% to -36.1%) levels and significantly increased HDL-C levels (16.3-55%). Among the seaweeds, S. polycystum showed the best anti-obesity and blood GSH-Px properties, K. alvarezii showed the best antihyperlipemic and in vivo antioxidation effects, and C. lentillifera was most effective at reducing plasma TC. All seaweeds significantly reduced body weight gain, erythrocyte GSH-Px, and plasma lipid peroxidation of HCF diet rats towards the values of normal rats.

/pdf/comparison-of-cardiovascular-protective-effects-of-tropical-54czgehyk5.pdf

Comparison of Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Tropical Seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Caulerpa lentillifera, and Sargassum polycystum, on High-Cholesterol/High-Fat Diet in Rats

Red microalgae contain functional sulfated polysaccharides (containing dietary fibers), polyunsaturated fatty acids, zeaxanthin, vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Studies in rat models support the therapeutic properties of algal biomass and isolated polysaccharides. Algal products incorporated into rat diets were found to significantly improve total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol levels, HDL/LDL ratios and increased fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids. Morphological and metabolic changes were induced by consumption of algal products. These results suggest that red microalgae can be used as potent hypocholesterolemic agents, and they support the potential use of red microalgae as novel nutraceuticals.

Hypocholesterolemic effects of nutraceuticals produced from the red microalga Porphyridium sp in rats.

This review summarizes data on alginates, polysaccharides isolated from brown algae. Their raw sources, chemical structure, and physical–chemical properties are discussed briefly. This paper is mainly focused on the physiological activity and usage of alginates in food and pharmaceutical industries. The data on alginate toxicity and necessary safety measures are also presented. The capability of alginates to bind and eliminate heavy metals and radionuclides from animal and human organisms is discussed. This paper also deals with the effects of alginates on the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, etc., and their usage in medicine, dietetics, and biotechnology.

Physical–Chemical Properties, Physiological Activity, and Usage of Alginates, the Polysaccharides of Brown Algae

During the present study, ethanol extracts of five seaweed species Solieria robusta, Iyengaria stellata, Colpomenia sinuosa, Spatoglossum asperum and Caulerpa racemosa at 10 mg/ 200 g body weight were tested for their hypolipidaemic activity. All the species significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in normal, triton-induced and diet-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Solieria robusta was found to be the most effective in reducing the lipid profile, particularly in diet-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. A beneficial effect of the ethanol extract of S. asperum was also found on cardiac and liver enzymes in diet-induced hyperlipidaemic rats.

Hypolipidaemic activity of seaweed from Karachi coast.

This review provides a critical update on human and animal studies investigating the effect of alginate supplementation on appetite regulation, glycaemic and insulinemic responses, and lipid metabolism with discussion of the evidence on potential mechanisms, efficacy and tolerability. Dependent on vehicle applied for alginate supplementation, the majority of animal and human studies suggest that alginate consumption does suppress satiety and to some extent energy intake. Only one long-term intervention trial found effects on weight loss. In addition, alginates seem to exhibit beneficial influence on postprandial glucose absorption and insulin response in animals and humans. However, alginate supplementation was only found to have cholesterol-lowering properties in animals. Several mechanisms have been suggested for the positive effect observed, which involve delayed gastric emptying, increased viscosity of digesta and slowed nutrient absorption in the small intestine upon alginate gel formation. Despite reasonable efficacy and tolerability from the acute or short-term studies, we still realize there is a critical need for development of optimal alginate types and vehicles as well as studies on further long-term investigation on alginate supplementation in humans before inferring that it could be useful in the management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

Review: efficacy of alginate supplementation in relation to appetite regulation and metabolic risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies.

SD rats were fed with 1% cholesterol and 0.2% cholate for eight weeks. Sodium alginate and carrageenan, two kinds of soluble algae polysaccharide, were added to the fodder for the trial groups and none added for the control one. Results showed that 5% sodium alginate could lower lipid levels in the blood and liver and platelet aggregation (P 0.05), could not lower the ratio of liver weight to body weight, and had no stable (or sure) effect on lowering platelet aggregation. Ten percent of carrageenan could decrease their mean body weight by 12.17% in rats (P > 0.05), but a few rats suffered from slight diarrhea.

[Comparison of effects of two kinds of soluble algae polysaccharide on blood lipid, liver lipid, platelet aggregation and growth in rats].

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[Comparison of effects of two kinds of soluble algae polysaccharide on blood lipid, liver lipid, platelet aggregation and growth in rats].